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Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Norman Triplett

A

First study of social psych

people perform better on familiar tasks when in presence of others than when alone

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2
Q

Who published first textbooks in social psych

A

1908

William McDougall and EH Ross

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3
Q

Who showed that the course of a conversation changes dramatically based upon feedback (approval) from others

A

Verplank

1950s

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4
Q

Reinforcement Theory

A

behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

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5
Q

Social Learning Theorists

A

Challenged reinforcement

Albert Bandura - behavior by imitation

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6
Q

Role Theory

A

people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles

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7
Q

Consistency Theories

A

people prefer consistency and will change/resist changing attitudes based upon preference. Inconsistencies are viewed as stimuli or irritants, and are often resolved by changing attitudes.

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8
Q

Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory

Consistency theory

A

Triad POX, in order to balance, no disagreements. the -/+ must balance evenly

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9
Q

Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Consistency Theory

A

Attitudes not in sync with behavior - dissonance

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10
Q

Free-choice dissonance

A

where you make a choice between alternatives (have to give something up).

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11
Q

Dissonance that emerges after a choice

A

post-decisional dissonance

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12
Q

spreading of alternatives

A

reduce dissonance
ex: case western had cold weather
Tulane has a nice catholic center

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13
Q

Forced-compliance dissonance

A

force to behave inconsistently with values

ex: eat dinner then dessert

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14
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith experiment

A

Boring task, given $20 or $1 to tell confederate that it’s fun experiment, but $1 actually think it’s interesting (less justification for why you lie)

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15
Q

Minimal (insufficient) justification effect

A

When behavior is justified by reward (ex: smoke a cigarette, I give you $10,000) no need to change internal cognition

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16
Q

Does pressure to change attitudes work?

A
  1. If pressured to do/say something contrary to his/her privately held attitudes, tendency to change attitude
  2. Greater pressure to comply = less change. Attitude change if behavior induced with minimal pressure.
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17
Q

Daryl Bem’s Self-Perception Theory

A

when attitudes are weak/ambiguous, you observe your behavior

I eat strawberries so I must like them

no discomfort/dissonance

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18
Q

Over justification effect

A

if you reward someone for something they like doing, they might stop liking it

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19
Q

Carl Hovland- attitude change and persuasion

A

more likely to be persuaded when

  1. Credible
  2. Expert
  3. Trustworthy
  4. Argue against self interest
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20
Q

Sleeper effect

A

High credible impact decreases, low credible source increases. over time, less or more persuasive impact

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21
Q

Two-sided messages

A

contain arguments for and against a position

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22
Q

Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A
  1. Central Route- issue important to us, need strong arguments
  2. Peripheral Route- how, by whom, in what surroundings argument presented (we don’t care much about this issue)
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23
Q

William McGuire’s analogy of inoculation

A

Attack of beliefs like attack on body. Need practice defending.

Cultural Truisms
Refuted counterarguments

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24
Q

Cultural Truisms

A

beliefs that are seldom attacked, thus vulnerable to attack

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25
Refuted counterarguments
inoculation against cultural truisms | present argument, then counterargument
26
Belief Perseverance
hold beliefs even after shown to be false | especially if it's your belief that you've defended
27
Reactance
rebellion against social pressure if you try really hard to get someone to behave a certain way, the person will choose to belief the opposite of your position
28
Leon Festinger's social comparison theory
we affiliate because we evaluate ourselves in relation to others. less similarities, less tendencies to make comparisons we change to match the group
29
Stanley Schachter's
Greater need to compare abilities/opinions, greater desire to affiliate. Greater anxiety = greater desire to affiliate anxious people like anxious people
30
Reciprocity Hypothesis
we like those who like us | we dislike those who dislike us
31
Aronson and Linder: Gain-loss principle
evaluations that change have more of an impact than evaluations that stay constant. (like someone more if their like for us has increased and vis versa)
32
Social Exchange Theory
person weights rewards/costs of interacting with another. Maximize reward, minimize cost
33
Equity theory
in social interaction, own cost/reward and the others. If we're getting less out of the relationship, perceived inequality
34
Correlation between affiliation and
similarity
35
Need complementarity
people choose relationships so they can mutually satisfy other's needs (opposites) However, even complementary relationships have similarities
36
Attractiveness stereotype
attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
37
Spatial proximity
closer you are, the more attractive you are. increases intensity of initial interactions
38
Mere Exposure Hypothesis
Familiarity. Repeated exposure to stimulus increase chance you'll like it Robert Zajonc
39
Altruism vs. Helping Behavior
Altruism- person's intent is to benefit someone else at the cost to herself Helping Behavior- altruistic motivations, but also behaviors motivated by egoism or selfishness
40
Darley and Latane on bystander intervention | Kew Gardens, kitty
1) social influence- if no one else is reacting, I won't. | 2) Diffusion of responsibility- if someone else could react, I won't
41
Pluralistic ignorance
leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency
42
The ability to vicariously experience another's emotions
empathy
43
Batson's empathy-altruism model
we might feel distress or empathy distress leads to leaving, but empathy leads to help ex: shock experiment
44
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Strength of frustration correlated with level of aggression observed
45
Bandura's social learning theory
Aggression learned through modeling (Bobo Doll) or reinforcement
46
Sherif
used autokinetic effect conformed to group norms so group agreed Group conform to average
47
autokinetic effects
stare at point of light in room otherwise dark, light appears to move
48
Asch
conformity by line experiment, wrong answer 37% of time, 75%+ at least one wrong answer
49
Stanley Milgram Obedience
shocks. Most go on until the end. what stops the shocks, someone else to defy with
50
compliance
change in behavior that occurs as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure
51
Foot in the door effect
compliance with a small request increase likelihood of compliance with larger request
52
Door in the face effect
refuse large initial request want smaller one | effects depend on nature of request
53
Clark and Clark: doll preference
prefer white dolls | flawed methods
54
Hierarchy of salience
more salient an identity (ex: only female/Catholic in the class) more we conform to the role
55
Albert Bandura- self efficacy theory/social cognitive theory
self efficacy- individuals belief in her ability to organize and execute a particular pattern of behavior high self efficacy- more effort on challenging tasks self efficacy based on past performance, social persuasion, emotion, vicarious experiences
56
Primacy Effect
First impressions more important
57
Recency effect
most recent interaction most important
58
Attribution Theory (Fritz Heider)
infer causes about other's behavior Dispositional vs. situational Fundamental attribution error
59
Halo Effect
allow general impressions about a person to influence other more specific evaluations about a person ex: I like Julia --> Julia is good a music ex: I hate Julia --.> Julia is stupid
60
M.J. Learner's Just world
Strong belief = increases likelihood of blaming the victim
61
Theodore Newcomb's study at woman's college in Bennington College
Students increasingly accepted norms of community
62
Edward Halls proxemics
proxemics- the study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others intimate- about a foot strangers- several feet apart
63
Zajonc's arousal theory
presence of other's increases arousal and consequently enhances dominant responses
64
Social Loafing
people put forth less effort when part of a group then when acting individually
65
Philip Zimbardo
prison experiment/simulation anonymity- people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous within a social environment
66
Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and of personal identity
67
Irving Janis' Group think
tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information
68
Risky shift
group decisions are risker than the average of the individual choices
69
Why might risky shift occur?
Value hypothesis- risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued.
70
What did James Stoner find out about risky shifts?
Group decisions can shift towards caution instead of risk Nature of dilemma may determine the direction of the shift More extreme, not more risky
71
Group polarization
explains group extremity tendency for group discussion to enhance the group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution
72
Leaders in group engage in more _____
communication
73
Kurt Lewin leadership styles
autocratic- more hostile, aggressive, and dependent on their leader democratic- more satisfying and cohesive. higher work motivation and interest laissez-faire- less efficient, organized, satisfying.
74
Cooperation
persons act together for their mutual benefit so that all of them can obtain a goal
75
Competition
person acts for her/his individual benefits so that she or he can obtain a goal that has limited availability
76
Prisoner's Dilemma
used to test cooperation or competition
77
Muzafer Sherif: Robber's cave experiment
2 boys camps Superordinate goals- intergroup cooperation
78
Aronson and Linder
Proposed gain-loss principle (evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)
79
Asch
conformity lines
80
Bandura
Social learning theory through social contexts
81
Bem
self-perception theory as alternative to cognitive dissonance theory
82
Clarks
doll preferences
83
Darley and Latane
Two factors that could lead to non-helping: 1) social influence 2) diffusion of responsibility
84
Eagly
Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but differing social roles
85
Festinger
Cognitive dissonance theory and | Social comparison theory
86
Hall
studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
87
Heider
Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change Attribution theory: dispositional and situational
88
Hovland
studied attitude change
89
Janis
developed concept of groupthink
90
Lerner
Belief in just world
91
Lewin
3 leadership styles 1) autocratic 2) democratic 3) laissez-faire
92
McGuire
studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
93
Milgram
Obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers
94
Newcomb
political norms
95
Petty and Cacioppo
Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)
96
Schachter
Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
97
Sherif
Autokinetic effect to study conformity Robber's cave experiment
98
Zajonc
mere exposure effect resolved problems with social facilitation effect suggesting the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
99
Zimbardo
Prison simulation | Deindividuation to explain results

GRE Psychology (7 decks)

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