Cohesion

Question 1

Language to use when answering cohesion questions

Answer 1

• ‘provides links within small sections of text’
• ‘ties ____ together to link phrases/clauses/ideas’
• ‘provides reference backwards/forwards to ____’
• ‘connects lexemes/phrases/clauses’

Question 2

What is synonymy?

Answer 2

• lexemes with similar meaning
• tie together phrases/connect them to reinforce ideas
• e.g. ‘varied landscape… diverse habitats… multiple opportunities’

Question 3

Antonymy

Answer 3

• lexemes with opposite meaning
• tie together phrases through semantic contrast of the link
• e.g. ‘the destruction of… can only be prevented by the preservation of…’

Question 4

Hyponymy

Answer 4

• creates a link through highlighting the relationship between general (semantic field) and specific lexical items
• e.g. hypernym = colour/hyponyms = blue, green, yellow, red

Question 5

Collocation

Answer 5

• lexemes that predictably go together
• helps to link lexemes in a familiar way (tone/rapport)
• e.g. ‘safe and sound’/’feel free’/’heavy rain’ vs. ‘strong rain’

Question 6

Substitution - noun phrases

Answer 6

• One NP is used in place of another, but refers to the same ‘thing’
• e.g. ‘chairs and benches were thrown at… the furniture had been…’

Question 7

Substitution - pronouns

Answer 7

• Anaphoric = pronoun used in place of previous NP
  
  • e.g. ‘Jack and Bill raced around the corner. They were just in time.’
• Cataphoric = pronoun used in place of proceeding NP
  
  • e.g. ‘She sat alone. Kate Smith waited for the train.’

Question 8

Deixis

Answer 8

• Features that help link the text’s time and place setting
• e.g. ‘Will that speaker be there tomorrow?’
• ‘there’ = links to a place beyond the text
• ‘tomorrow’ = links to an understanding of the timeframe within the text