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History > Cold War > Flashcards

Cold War Flashcards

1
Q

Test Ban Treaty 1963

Who, What

A

> GB, USSR, USA

> Banned nuclear tests in atmosphere underwater or in space.

> Only two nuclear powers that count, USA & USSR
France & China reject this!

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2
Q

Helsinki Agreement 1975

A

> Focused on European security,
secure borders as of end of WW2,
Deals made on trade across iron curtain
Agreements on human rights to be checked

> Accepted existence of Soviet Bloc inc GDR
E&W greater contact
HR’s deals could undermine Soviet regimes

> FOLLOW UP TALKS GOT NOWHERE

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3
Q

SALT II 1979

A

> Further talks from SALT
Complex details that reduced nuclear weaponry
Soviet actions –> US reject agreement

> Very complex = very few understood terms
Not accepted by politicians at home

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4
Q

Four Power Treaty On Berlin 1971

A

> GB, France & USA involved in negotiations, showed that Ostpolitik not affect relations

> USSR more responsive to western demands, included:
unimpeded traffic to West Berlin & FRG

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5
Q

ABM Treaty 1972

A

> Restricted both sides to just two defensive systems (Capital city and missile bases)
This made it more likely that each side would retaliate if hit first, therefore stabilised conflict as both sides less likely to fire first
Made war less likely because MAD but had no impact on reducing amount of weapons

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6
Q

Basic Principles Agreement 1972

A

> Agreements on how nuclear war should be conducted
Both sides made pledges to reduce likelihood of war
Encouraged Trade
Marked change in attitude
Lacked real concrete measures

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7
Q

The Interim Treaty 1972

A

> Agreement to last 5 Years
Limit amount of weapons each side had (USSR to have more)
Easily broken/ altered by replacing old weapons with new ones within limits
USA still ahead in technology
Short term agreement

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8
Q

US- China Relations 1972

A

> Post- Vietnam to improve relations with China
Resulted in friendship –> China (COMMUNIST) allowed to take part in UN security council
Still in difficult relationship but marked important change in communication
Worried USSR

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9
Q

Warsaw Treaty 1970

A

> Poland and FRG

>Increased trade and financial assistance from FRG

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10
Q

Pragul Treaty 1973

A

> Czechoslovakia & FRG

> Similar to Warsaw

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11
Q

Ostpolitik & Basic Treaty 1971-2

A

> Improved relations between East and West Europe
Poland’s borders agreed
Travel routes to W Berlin confirmed
FRG accepted GDR as a state

> Improved atmosphere in Europe but agreements reinforced division
West still wanted to reunite Germany

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12
Q

SALT 1972

A

> Talks to discuss limiting amount of weapons both sides had,

  • -> was difficult to agree
  • -> Focused on existing arms, not new ones

> Agreement very thin
Both sides still had lots of weapons
Showed willingness to talk

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13
Q

Non- Proliferation Treaty 1968

A

> GB, USA, USSR ( & W Germany 1969)

>Pledged not to transfer nuclear weapons or help other countries manufacture them

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14
Q

Moscow Treaty 1970

A

> Brandt & Brezhnev
USSR & FRG declared that they had no territorial claims against any other state
FRG agreed to abandon Hallstein Doctrine

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15
Q

Poland 1980

A

SOLIDARITY
>Workers protested over living standards and price rises
>Protest centred in Lenin Shipyard
>Led by Lech Walesa who demanded trade unions

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16
Q

Poland 1956

A

> Caused by Khrushchev’s ‘Secret speech”
Workers rioted, wanted end to food shortages and communism
Riots crushed
Gomulka (moderate communist) appointed as party leader, Soviets reassured party that he was a communist

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17
Q

Czechoslovakia 1968

A

> Novotny forced to resign by reformers, Dubcek took over and aimed to make agreements through compromise
Abolished censorship, called for democracy

PRAGUE SPRING
>Reformers within communist party tried to introduce liberal measures
>Soviet union sent in 200,000 Warsaw pact troops to bring normalisation (No one killed)
>Dubcek resigned, all reforms reversed
>BREZHNEV DOCTRINE

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18
Q

Hungary 1956

A

> Caused by destalinisation
Gero replaced by Nagy who was more moderate and said they would leave Warsaw pact
Soviet Forces interfered and set up new gov under Kadar
35,000 people killed and Nagy executed

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19
Q

East Germany 1953

A

> Strikes over wage cuts

>Soviet troops used to restore order, 25,000 arrested and 400 executed

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20
Q

Czechoslovakia 1953

A

June
> Symbols of Soviet power attacked, flags burnt and town hall sacked
> Riots quickly put down

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21
Q

Poland take over 1945

A

> Stalin set up Provisional government of National Unity
No free elections as Stalin was unpopular in Poland
Mikolajczyk resigned and did not let his party join communist dominated gov, hoped GB and USA would intervene, they didn’t bc Soviet sphere of influence
Polish communist part won, Gomulka = leader
Golmuka, against cominform, believed poland had its own history, didn’t want to follow completely, Stalin removed him after 1 year

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22
Q

Romania take over

A

> King called on GB and USA to not recognise new communist gov
Stalin called on Romanian PM to put 2 non-communists in gov, made little difference
Nov 1946- communist dominated front went to polls.
Opposition newspapers closed, leaders of opposition murdered
Front won more than 80% of vote
Refused Marshall Aid and joined Cominform
King abdicated 1947
1948 communist people’s republic declared

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23
Q

Bulgaria take over 1945

A

> Stalin forced communist dominated government to include 2 non-communists
Stalin wanted to hide the party’s dictatorship bc waiting on peace treaties
In elections opposition won over 1/3 of vote
Stalin urged to liquidate opposition
Bulgarian communist party joined cominform

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24
Q

Yugoslavia take over 1945

A

> Communist party won 90% of votes without Soviet influence
Tito can implement revolution
Yugoslavia helped Greek communists (GB & USA did not like)
USSR sympathised with Tito but did not want to clash with west
Tito and USA/GB both wanted Trieste, was divided into two at Paris peace negotiations

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25
Q

Czechoslovakia 1946

A

> Elections in 1946 had 38% communist vote with no violence

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26
Q

Truman Doctrine/ Marshall Aid

A

Causes: Civil war in Greece, GB can’t afford to fight

Motives: stop spread of communism, only supported anti-communist, poor countries = vulnerable to communism . Wanted to help, George Marshall shocked by devestatoin in Europe.
Gain trade links and get support for capitalism

Consequences: only west europe took it, Stalin did not let east.
Stalin created Cominform and Comecon (similar to TD & MA)

27
Q

Causes of cold war

A
  1. Stalin and USSR to blame because of aggressive expansionist policies
  2. USA caused by aggressive and provocative actions
  3. Neither, Inevitable?
28
Q

Creation of SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) 19??

A

> Stalin forced merger of the SPD(social democrats) and KPD(communists) in the Soviet Zone
Created fear and suspicion of their intentions in W Germany

29
Q

Brussels pact

A

A British plan for a defence W. Europe encouraged co-operation and military co-operation.

30
Q

The Prague coup

A

Persuaded France and others of the threat of USSR

31
Q

What did the USSR’s first use of the atomic bomb do?

A

Ended the nuclear monopoly and spread fear in the USA

32
Q

What was the impact of the Korean war?

A

Fear that the same could happen in Germany and made the rearmament of Germany more urgent.

33
Q

Who was Adenauer?

A

Leader of FRG, he argued for independence and power for the FRG in EDC.

34
Q

what was the red scare?

A

Accusations of the communists inside the US government

35
Q

What was the European Defence Community (EDC)

A

french plan for w.europe army but with restrictions on FRG.

36
Q

What was the Stalin Note?

A

An offer from Stalin of a unified, neutral Germany but was rejected by Adenauer who was firmly in the western camp

37
Q

What were Cominform/ Comecon?

A

Organisations for spreading communist ideology and economics across Eastern Europe

38
Q

What was the crisis in the GDR?

A

High production targets, inflation and other pressures led to many skilled workers fleeing GDR

39
Q

Who was Walter Ulbricht

A

Leader of the GDR, acted too slowly to stop german up rising, possibly happy to allow uprising and bring in Soviet tanks

40
Q

East German Uprising 1953

A

Large scale and violent uprising, crushed by soviet tanks, proof to the west of soviet aggression.

41
Q

The Berlin conference 1954

A

A failed conference to re-unite germany. USSR feared free elections, west feared a neutral disarmed Germany.

42
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A

A defensive pact for eastern europe in response to NATO

43
Q

Hallstein Doctrine

A

West Germany would cut off ties with any country that recognised the GDR as a state.

44
Q

Why did Khrushchev build the Berlin Wall in 1961

A

> Lots of people were leaving East Germany to go to the prosperous West Germany.
Soviet fear of West Germany
Concern of East German economy
Pressure from Ulbricht

45
Q

Why was the Polish uprising 1980-81 a challenge?

A

> Had the support from the catholic church
9.4 million people joined, very popular
Covertly supported by the Americans
It had a charismatic leader
Coincided with the appointment of the new Polish Pope
It highlighted the failure of cimmunism to provide good living standards
Showed that organisations could be set up to challenge the government

46
Q

Why was the Prague uprising 1968 a challenge?

A

> Leaders of eastern european countries feared its new ideas would spread
Idea of socialism with a human face was a direct attack on communist authority
It looked to form a rival political party, the social democrats
Its country had the strongest industry and was centrally located

47
Q

Why was the Hungarian uprising 1956 a challenge?

A

> Level of fighting was intense and thousands were killed
Symbols of soviet control were directly attacked
Because 200,000 people fled the country to the West
New leader said they were going to leave the Warsaw pact and become neutral
Army defected and joined the side of the rebels
The idea of re-privatising farm land went against all communist ideals

48
Q

What was the Hollywood 10?

A

> People in Hollywood who refused to discuss their political views
The general public did not like them, and boycotted their films

49
Q

What was the McCarran act?

A

It required all communists to identify themselves and register with the justice department

50
Q

What was the Star Wars initiative?

A

1980s, Reagan,

Would have defence systems in space to shoot down nuclear missiles, the cost of matching this would bankrupt the USSR.

51
Q

USSR’s response to arms race?

A

Defence needs were made a high priority and any attempt to cut spending on arms would threaten power of the military.

52
Q

Arms race effect on the USA?

A

The arms race provided large amounts of money to manufacturers, scientists and the armed forces

This led to the employment of 30 million + US civilians

53
Q

What was the military industrial complex?

A

> The economy benefitted from production of arms?
It enabled Eisenhower to get a huge control over politics
So it was beneficial to highlight the danger of the USSR

54
Q

What did Stalin take as a warning ?

A

The USA dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

So Stalin ordered scientists to develop the atomic bomb asap

55
Q

When did the USSR produce their first atomic bomb?

A

1949- and it ended the US nuclear monopoly

56
Q

What is an MIRV and when did the USA/ USSR produce them?

A

Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry Vehicle, a device launched by a missile that allowed several warheads to be used, each guided to a different target

USA- 1960s
USSR- 1975

57
Q

What happened in 1985? (Arms race)

A

The Soviet Union could no longer bear the cost of the arms race, which brought them to the negotiation table to limit nuclear production.

58
Q

What was Massive Retaliation?

A

> Under Eisenhower and Dulles, based on the threat of using large numbers of US nuclear bombs against communist aggression.
The USA had nuclear superiority which they hoped would act as a deterrent.

59
Q

What was the tactic of brinkmanship?

A

Being prepared to go to the edge of nuclear war in order to stop nuclear war in order to stop enemy aggression.

This no longer had the same effect by 1970s because they both had enough missiles to destroy each other.

60
Q

What is Mutually Assured Destruction

A

Because they had enough missiles to destroy each other.

This led to counterforce, using smaller missiles to have limited action to achieve specific objections.

61
Q

What was the impact of the arms race on conventional arms?

A

Both USA and USSR reduced production of conventional arms, nuclear weapons seen as a cheaper alternative

62
Q

What did the Polish uprising in 1980 lead to?

A

> 1980 gov recognised Solidarity as first independent trade union, had 9 MILLION members, THREAT TO GOV

63
Q

Outcome of solidarity in poland 1980-81

A

> USSR did military manoeuvres on Poland’s border
October- PM Jaruzelski banned Solidarity and declared Martial Law
BUT Avoided soviet invasion

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