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History > Russia > Flashcards

Russia Flashcards

1
Q

When was Alexander II in power?

A

1855- 1881 (26 years)

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2
Q

Alexander II’s attitude to reform

A

Reform was necessary

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3
Q

How was Alexander II’s rule ended?

A

He was assassinated by the People’s Will

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4
Q

When was Alexander III in power?

A

1881- 1894 (13 years)

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5
Q

Alexander III’s attitude to reform?

A

Against reform, reversed changes made by Alexander II, for example censorship.

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6
Q

How was Alexander III’s rule ended?

A

He died

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7
Q

When was Nicholas II in power?

A

1894- 1917 (23 years)

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8
Q

Nicholas II’s attitude to reform?

A

Not reforming, wanted to uphold autocracy

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9
Q

How was Nicholas II’s rule ended?

A

Overthrown by the revolution, forced to abdicate

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10
Q

How long was the Provisional Government in power for?

A

7 Months in 1917 (February- September)

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11
Q

Economic reasons for the emancipation of the Serfs in 1861

A

> Defeat in Crimean War
Necessary for industrialisation
Serfdom blames for Russia’s inefficiency and debt

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12
Q

Liberal reasons for the emancipation of the serfs in 1861

A

> New Nobles had liberal ideas, for example Milyutin supported emancipation
Other major reforms weren’t possible whilst Serfdom existed
Alexander II seen as humane

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13
Q

Military reasons for the emancipation of the Serfs in 1861

A

> Financial strain of a large army
Seen as a blot on Russia’s reputation
Railways were needed but not practical during Serfdom because of their immobility
Military defeat showed backwardness

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14
Q

Prevent revolution reasons for the emancipation of the Serfs in 1861

A

> Practical problems of returning ex-soldiers to villages as Serfs
Possibility of famine because of high state and noble grain exaction
Soldiers had to be diverted to quell unrest

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15
Q

How many serfs were emancipated in 1861

A

23 million

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16
Q

Serfs in the …… were worse off for Land after the emancipation.

A

Rich fertile areas of the black soil region

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17
Q

What did peasants have to pay after the emancipation?

A

Redemption payments for 49 years

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18
Q

What emerged as a result of the emancipation?

A

A richer class of peasants, known as Kulaks

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19
Q

How many riots were there in the first four months following the emancipation in 1861?

A

647 riots,
1159 for the whole year
Army used to restore order

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20
Q

What kind of attitude was encouraged following the emancipation?

A

A questioning attitude amongst nobility and the peasantry

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21
Q

What type of Serfs were not given land?

A

Domestic serfs

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22
Q

Alexander II’s economic reforms.

A

> Tarriffs lowered until 1877
Railways grown
Industrial expansion

Showed the beginnings of indstrial transformation

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23
Q

Alexander II’s Finance reform

A

> 1862- 1878, Reutern rationalised the treasury
Public budget was established, better auditing
Improved banking

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24
Q

Alexander II’s political reform

A

> 1882 Loris-Melikov proposed for consultation on national decisions with representatives from the Zemstva

BUT proposals were dropped and dismissed by Alexander III

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25
Q

Alexander II’s education reforms

A

> 1863, University statute gave autonomy (Self-rule)
Primary and secondary education extended
Class Bias against poor students reduced
Student size grew, 3,600 to 10,000 (more people educated, bigger threat)

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26
Q

Alexander II’s Censorship reforms

A

Policy of glasnost

1865 there was a relaxation of censorship in which foreign books and newspapers were not censored before being printed

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27
Q

Alexander II’s military reforms

A

> Conscription changed in 1864, to all people not just peasants
Service reduced from 25 years to 6 with 9 reserve
Better officer training
Modernised weapons

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28
Q

Alexander II’s reforms in relation to National Minorities

A

> Poland = initial relaxation
Finland concessions, diet accepted and Finnish language encouraged
Early liberation on controls of Jews

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29
Q

Alexander II’s legal reforms

A

> Old system replaced by new structure with open trials, lawyers and juries
End of separate courts for classes
Defence counsel allowed
Judges better paid and trained

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30
Q

About the Zemstva

A 
> Form of elected rural local councils 
>Wide suffrage, 40% chosen by peasants 
>Powers: to levy taxes 
                appoint officials 
                improve local community 
>Also Dumas established in 1870
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31
Q

Who was Bukunin?

A

A writer who spent time in prison, aimed to generate more independent thinking.

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32
Q

What was the circle of Tchaikovsky?

A

A literary society set up to share and discussed banned books in the empire, opposed to reckless violence, organised spreading of propaganda

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33
Q

Polish Revolt

A

Uprising by a National Minority group which became a full scale war. Brutally crushed by Tsarist forces with harsh repression to follow

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34
Q

Land and Liberty

A

> A group that wanted full distribution of land to the people
saw the peasantry as the driving revolutionary force. >Promoted strikes and some terror.
Later split into two groups with differing tactics

35
Q

Black re-partition

A

Formed after the split in previous organisation, wanted land to be shared but believed in propaganda rather than violence

36
Q

New Economic Policy

A

1921 Lenin

An economic policy that liberalised the Russian economy and aimed to counter the impact of war communism

37
Q

Collectivisation

A

1929 Stalin

A communal system of farming whereby peasants shared resources to produce food to feed population

38
Q

Virgin Land Schemes

A

1954 Khurshchev

Plan to use ‘virgin’ soil of Kazakhstan and Western SIberia

39
Q

October Manifesto

A

1905 Nicholas II

Blueprint for the new form of elective government that revolved around the Duma

40
Q

Kulakisation

A 
Alexander II post 1861
New class of richer peasants
41
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

1918 Lenin

Peace treaty with Germany

42
Q

Land Decree

A

Lenin 1917

Took away private land ownership and distributing

43
Q

Five year plans

A

Stalin 1928
Also by Khrushchev
To stimulate industrialisation by setting targets

44
Q

Destalinisation

A

Kurushchev 1956

The denunciation of Stalin’s policies

45
Q

Trial of 50

A

Alexander II 1877

Trial of key political opponents & revolutionaries

46
Q

Land Captains

A

Alexander II 1889

Landowners who were appointed to supervise the work of the Zemstva

47
Q

Stolypin’s necktie

A

1906 Nicholas II

Quick and unfair trials resulting in hanging

48
Q

Closure of the constituent assembly

A

Lenin 1917 Nov

Democratic body by provisional government closed

49
Q

War communism

A

lenin 1918-1921
during civil war
state capitalism alongside grain requisitioning

50
Q

Purges/ Show trials

A

1936-1938 Stalin

Waves of trials and arrests in response to opposition

51
Q

Gulags

A

Stalin

Labour camps used to house political opponents in response to opposition

52
Q

Witte’s great spurt

A

Alexander III

including the Trans-siberian railway

53
Q

The Dumas

A

1906

New form of government that promoted representation

54
Q

What are three strands of Tsarist autocracy?

As suggested by J.N. Westwood

A
  1. Based on religion
  2. The Tsar had a paternalistic duty
  3. Practical necessity
55
Q

What is the Marxist idea of superstructure?

A 
The ruling class of 'superstructure' of institutions to establish order. 
Marx thought this was unfair and bound to lead to conflict
56
Q

What is the Marxist idea of Labour Theory of Value?

A

Claimed that under a capitalist economy, the proletariat (those who worked in industry and lived in urban areas) would never gain the full value of their efforts.

57
Q

What is the Marxist dictatorship of the proletariat?

A

> There is conflict between capitalists and workers, creating a class struggle
The workers would destroy the base and seize control
Marx acknowledged that there must be a transition period before the workers could govern effectively.

58
Q

Secret police used under the Tsars

A

The Third Section (Alexander II)

The Okhrana

59
Q

Secret police under Lenin

A

Cheka 1917- 1922

60
Q

Secret police under Stalin

A

NKVD 1934-1943

61
Q

Secret police under Khrushchev

A

MVD 1953-

62
Q

What motives did the Okhrana use?

A

Spying, arresting, exiling, agents provocateurs

63
Q

What motives did the Cheka use?

A

Terror to victimise people, used in the Red terror, used in war communism and dekulakisatoin

64
Q

What motives did the NKVD use?

A

Permanent form of terror

Gathered evidence that was crucial in the purges, helped with gulags

65
Q

What motives did the MVD use?

A

They had two departments

  1. ordinary crime
  2. internal/external security in cold war
66
Q

What effect did the Crimean War have?

A

> Revealed weakness in the military
Led to emancipation
Led to military reform

67
Q

How was the army used from 1905- 1917?

A

> To dismantle strikes, protests and riots

>Social unrest in 1917 dealt with forcefully by the army but troops wanted to join protesters

68
Q

What was the MRC?

A

> Military Revolutionary Committee which Lenin encouraged soldiers to form
The MRC and the Red guard took power from Kerensky

69
Q

How many conscripts did the Red Army have by the end of the Civil War?

A

5 million

The white opposition had only 500,000

70
Q

Who removed many key military leaders in the great purges?

A

Stalin

71
Q

Alexander II’ s censorship policy

A

Glasnost

72
Q

Alexander III’s censorship attitude

A

Reactionary, clamp down on censorship.

73
Q

Nicholas II’s censorship attitude

A

> Back to a policy of glasnost
Expansion of the press in 1894
Reporting of political matters discussed in Duma

74
Q

Censorship during WW1

A

> Troops gained their news from foreign broadcasts

>Extra measures to make sure that people could not access anti-revolutionary material

75
Q

What was the USW

A

UNDER STALIN
>The union of soviet writers, which anyone wanting to write had to join.
>All members had to produce material under the banner of ‘Socialist realsim’

76
Q

Censorship under Khrushchev

A 
>Eased in a similar way to Alexander II 
>There was an increase in libraries and books 
>Most popular newspapers were:
* the communist party paper, 
*the government paper 
*the trade unions papers
77
Q

Forms of propaganda

A
  1. Groups
  2. Film and cinema
  3. Stakhanovites- ideal working soviet man
  4. The arts
  5. Newspapers
  6. Cult of personality
  7. Slogans
78
Q

Lenin is a Red Tsar

A

> Lenin legitimised his rule with a “higher power” marxist theory, like the Tsars from God
Lenin had a secret police
Hostile to groups that didn’t fit with his visions (Kulaks)

79
Q

Lenin is not a Red Tsar

A

> Lenin led personally
Lenin appeared to dress as a worker
Cult of personality was a new form of propaganda

80
Q

Stalin is a Red Tsar

A

> Had control over people
Supported by the elite
More concerned with maintaining his power than the people

81
Q

Stalin not a Red Tsar

A 
> extensive use of secret police and gulags 
>Censorship was much greater 
>Rapid industrialisation 
>Rose to power through soviet system
> Used cult of personality
82
Q

Criteria of a turning point

A 
> Change of rules 
>Significant change 
>Structure of government 
>Change of ideology 
>Change of routine 
>New leadership
>Number of people involved
83
Q

Populists

A

> Politically educating the peasants- did not work

>Group became disorganised and split

84
Q

People’s Will

A

> Violence to spark revolution
Assassinated Alexander II
No clear strong leader

History (6 decks)

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