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Russia Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Alexander II in power?

A

1855- 1881 (26 years)

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2
Q

Alexander II’s attitude to reform

A

Reform was necessary

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3
Q

How was Alexander II’s rule ended?

A

He was assassinated by the People’s Will

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4
Q

When was Alexander III in power?

A

1881- 1894 (13 years)

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5
Q

Alexander III’s attitude to reform?

A

Against reform, reversed changes made by Alexander II, for example censorship.

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6
Q

How was Alexander III’s rule ended?

A

He died

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7
Q

When was Nicholas II in power?

A

1894- 1917 (23 years)

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8
Q

Nicholas II’s attitude to reform?

A

Not reforming, wanted to uphold autocracy

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9
Q

How was Nicholas II’s rule ended?

A

Overthrown by the revolution, forced to abdicate

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10
Q

How long was the Provisional Government in power for?

A

7 Months in 1917 (February- September)

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11
Q

Economic reasons for the emancipation of the Serfs in 1861

A

> Defeat in Crimean War
Necessary for industrialisation
Serfdom blames for Russia’s inefficiency and debt

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12
Q

Liberal reasons for the emancipation of the serfs in 1861

A

> New Nobles had liberal ideas, for example Milyutin supported emancipation
Other major reforms weren’t possible whilst Serfdom existed
Alexander II seen as humane

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13
Q

Military reasons for the emancipation of the Serfs in 1861

A

> Financial strain of a large army
Seen as a blot on Russia’s reputation
Railways were needed but not practical during Serfdom because of their immobility
Military defeat showed backwardness

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14
Q

Prevent revolution reasons for the emancipation of the Serfs in 1861

A

> Practical problems of returning ex-soldiers to villages as Serfs
Possibility of famine because of high state and noble grain exaction
Soldiers had to be diverted to quell unrest

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15
Q

How many serfs were emancipated in 1861

A

23 million

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16
Q

Serfs in the …… were worse off for Land after the emancipation.

A

Rich fertile areas of the black soil region

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17
Q

What did peasants have to pay after the emancipation?

A

Redemption payments for 49 years

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18
Q

What emerged as a result of the emancipation?

A

A richer class of peasants, known as Kulaks

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19
Q

How many riots were there in the first four months following the emancipation in 1861?

A

647 riots,
1159 for the whole year
Army used to restore order

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20
Q

What kind of attitude was encouraged following the emancipation?

A

A questioning attitude amongst nobility and the peasantry

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21
Q

What type of Serfs were not given land?

A

Domestic serfs

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22
Q

Alexander II’s economic reforms.

A

> Tarriffs lowered until 1877
Railways grown
Industrial expansion

Showed the beginnings of indstrial transformation

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23
Q

Alexander II’s Finance reform

A

> 1862- 1878, Reutern rationalised the treasury
Public budget was established, better auditing
Improved banking

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24
Q

Alexander II’s political reform

A

> 1882 Loris-Melikov proposed for consultation on national decisions with representatives from the Zemstva

BUT proposals were dropped and dismissed by Alexander III

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25
Alexander II's education reforms
> 1863, University statute gave autonomy (Self-rule) >Primary and secondary education extended >Class Bias against poor students reduced > Student size grew, 3,600 to 10,000 (more people educated, bigger threat)
26
Alexander II's Censorship reforms
Policy of glasnost | 1865 there was a relaxation of censorship in which foreign books and newspapers were not censored before being printed
27
Alexander II's military reforms
> Conscription changed in 1864, to all people not just peasants >Service reduced from 25 years to 6 with 9 reserve > Better officer training >Modernised weapons
28
Alexander II's reforms in relation to National Minorities
> Poland = initial relaxation >Finland concessions, diet accepted and Finnish language encouraged >Early liberation on controls of Jews
29
Alexander II's legal reforms
> Old system replaced by new structure with open trials, lawyers and juries >End of separate courts for classes >Defence counsel allowed >Judges better paid and trained
30
About the Zemstva
``` > Form of elected rural local councils >Wide suffrage, 40% chosen by peasants >Powers: to levy taxes appoint officials improve local community >Also Dumas established in 1870 ```
31
Who was Bukunin?
A writer who spent time in prison, aimed to generate more independent thinking.
32
What was the circle of Tchaikovsky?
A literary society set up to share and discussed banned books in the empire, opposed to reckless violence, organised spreading of propaganda
33
Polish Revolt
Uprising by a National Minority group which became a full scale war. Brutally crushed by Tsarist forces with harsh repression to follow
34
Land and Liberty
>A group that wanted full distribution of land to the people > saw the peasantry as the driving revolutionary force. >Promoted strikes and some terror. >Later split into two groups with differing tactics
35
Black re-partition
Formed after the split in previous organisation, wanted land to be shared but believed in propaganda rather than violence
36
New Economic Policy
1921 Lenin | An economic policy that liberalised the Russian economy and aimed to counter the impact of war communism
37
Collectivisation
1929 Stalin | A communal system of farming whereby peasants shared resources to produce food to feed population
38
Virgin Land Schemes
1954 Khurshchev | Plan to use 'virgin' soil of Kazakhstan and Western SIberia
39
October Manifesto
1905 Nicholas II | Blueprint for the new form of elective government that revolved around the Duma
40
Kulakisation
``` Alexander II post 1861 New class of richer peasants ```
41
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1918 Lenin | Peace treaty with Germany
42
Land Decree
Lenin 1917 | Took away private land ownership and distributing
43
Five year plans
Stalin 1928 Also by Khrushchev To stimulate industrialisation by setting targets
44
Destalinisation
Kurushchev 1956 | The denunciation of Stalin's policies
45
Trial of 50
Alexander II 1877 | Trial of key political opponents & revolutionaries
46
Land Captains
Alexander II 1889 | Landowners who were appointed to supervise the work of the Zemstva
47
Stolypin's necktie
1906 Nicholas II | Quick and unfair trials resulting in hanging
48
Closure of the constituent assembly
Lenin 1917 Nov | Democratic body by provisional government closed
49
War communism
lenin 1918-1921 during civil war state capitalism alongside grain requisitioning
50
Purges/ Show trials
1936-1938 Stalin | Waves of trials and arrests in response to opposition
51
Gulags
Stalin | Labour camps used to house political opponents in response to opposition
52
Witte's great spurt
Alexander III | including the Trans-siberian railway
53
The Dumas
1906 | New form of government that promoted representation
54
What are three strands of Tsarist autocracy? | As suggested by J.N. Westwood
1. Based on religion 2. The Tsar had a paternalistic duty 3. Practical necessity
55
What is the Marxist idea of superstructure?
``` The ruling class of 'superstructure' of institutions to establish order. Marx thought this was unfair and bound to lead to conflict ```
56
What is the Marxist idea of Labour Theory of Value?
Claimed that under a capitalist economy, the proletariat (those who worked in industry and lived in urban areas) would never gain the full value of their efforts.
57
What is the Marxist dictatorship of the proletariat?
>There is conflict between capitalists and workers, creating a class struggle >The workers would destroy the base and seize control >Marx acknowledged that there must be a transition period before the workers could govern effectively.
58
Secret police used under the Tsars
The Third Section (Alexander II) | The Okhrana
59
Secret police under Lenin
Cheka 1917- 1922
60
Secret police under Stalin
NKVD 1934-1943
61
Secret police under Khrushchev
MVD 1953-
62
What motives did the Okhrana use?
Spying, arresting, exiling, agents provocateurs
63
What motives did the Cheka use?
Terror to victimise people, used in the Red terror, used in war communism and dekulakisatoin
64
What motives did the NKVD use?
Permanent form of terror | Gathered evidence that was crucial in the purges, helped with gulags
65
What motives did the MVD use?
They had two departments 1. ordinary crime 2. internal/external security in cold war
66
What effect did the Crimean War have?
>Revealed weakness in the military >Led to emancipation >Led to military reform
67
How was the army used from 1905- 1917?
>To dismantle strikes, protests and riots | >Social unrest in 1917 dealt with forcefully by the army but troops wanted to join protesters
68
What was the MRC?
> Military Revolutionary Committee which Lenin encouraged soldiers to form >The MRC and the Red guard took power from Kerensky
69
How many conscripts did the Red Army have by the end of the Civil War?
5 million | The white opposition had only 500,000
70
Who removed many key military leaders in the great purges?
Stalin
71
Alexander II' s censorship policy
Glasnost
72
Alexander III's censorship attitude
Reactionary, clamp down on censorship.
73
Nicholas II's censorship attitude
>Back to a policy of glasnost >Expansion of the press in 1894 >Reporting of political matters discussed in Duma
74
Censorship during WW1
>Troops gained their news from foreign broadcasts | >Extra measures to make sure that people could not access anti-revolutionary material
75
What was the USW
UNDER STALIN >The union of soviet writers, which anyone wanting to write had to join. >All members had to produce material under the banner of 'Socialist realsim'
76
Censorship under Khrushchev
``` >Eased in a similar way to Alexander II >There was an increase in libraries and books >Most popular newspapers were: * the communist party paper, *the government paper *the trade unions papers ```
77
Forms of propaganda
1. Groups 2. Film and cinema 3. Stakhanovites- ideal working soviet man 4. The arts 5. Newspapers 6. Cult of personality 7. Slogans
78
Lenin is a Red Tsar
>Lenin legitimised his rule with a "higher power" marxist theory, like the Tsars from God >Lenin had a secret police >Hostile to groups that didn't fit with his visions (Kulaks)
79
Lenin is not a Red Tsar
> Lenin led personally >Lenin appeared to dress as a worker >Cult of personality was a new form of propaganda
80
Stalin is a Red Tsar
> Had control over people >Supported by the elite > More concerned with maintaining his power than the people
81
Stalin not a Red Tsar
``` > extensive use of secret police and gulags >Censorship was much greater >Rapid industrialisation >Rose to power through soviet system > Used cult of personality ```
82
Criteria of a turning point
``` > Change of rules >Significant change >Structure of government >Change of ideology >Change of routine >New leadership >Number of people involved ```
83
Populists
> Politically educating the peasants- did not work | >Group became disorganised and split
84
People's Will
> Violence to spark revolution > Assassinated Alexander II >No clear strong leader

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