Cold War - B Flashcards
(21 cards)
keannans long telegram - what is it + impact
sent 1946
- ‘there can be no permenant peaceful co-existance’ - ideological tensions
- became basis for US foreign policy towards USSR
novikov telegram
sent 1946
- highlights USSR paranoia and fear of capitalist infultration + american colonization
- in line with Stalins actions in EE - marginalization of politial opponents to comunist parties to ensure support in buffer zone
truman doctrine
1947
- US commitment to the containment of the spead of communism
- re-enforced with marshall plan 1948 - essentially creating the political and economic division wtihin europe - further entrenched devide
process of soviet takeover of EE
‘salami tactics’
- formation of coalition government -> marginalisation of opponents to communist party -> succesful elections of communist government with veneer of legimacy
evidence for soviet takeover in EE
- communist government voted in by 89% in Poland, 98% in Romania, largely due to voter intimidation + forced appointment of communist MP, salami tactics
- czecholsovakia - communist leadership despite just 10% voted for it, opposition then made illigal
soviet takeover of baltic states
- reoccupation of baltic states by red army from 1944
- 50,000 citizens formed resistance, however red army sent 500,000 to deportation camps + gulags
tensions over soviet expansion in EE
- viewed by Stalin as necessary and justified self defence - paranoia and betrayal due to Western powers betrayal of czechoslovakia at 1938 munich
aims of marshall aid
- aimed at restoring economic stability in western europe to slow the spread of communism + its appeal
- agreed by congress after the fall of czechoslovakia in 1948 - fear of soviet expansionism
course of marshall aid
- 13 billion dollars given to various western states by 1951
- uk and france recieved 3000 million each
- 11% of all marshall aid was recieved by west germany
consequences of marshall aid
- west germany -> aid recieved helped facilitate economic and industrial recovery
- USSR prohibited eastern bloc from accepting marshall aid due to american imperialism -> caused an eccentuated economic devide between east and west europe
causes of berlin blockade
- currency reform in west germany - introduction of deutchmark, then bizonia recieved marshall aid
- caused soviet interference with rail and road routs to berlin throughout 1948
- ulbricht’s moves for a united germany were basically moves for a soviet germany -> hardened western opposition to soviet influence and streanghtening of their hold on germany
- soviets walked out of ACC meeting in 1948
events of berlin blockade
- stalin bloccaded routs into west germany in a bid to force west to abandon their section of Berlin
- us and uk supplied almost 8000 tonnes of food per day for 320 days through airlift, until stalin removed road blocks
consequences of berlin blockade
- creation of trizonia then FDR in 1949, DDR established a few months later
- NATO formed 1949 - need for stronger military and diplomatic alliances between western powers
- USSR responded with warsaw pact in 1955 - creation of two polerised military camps
causes for the formation of NATO
- soviets appeared agressive and expansionist - berlin blocade, takeover of czechoslovakia -> need for allied military alliance
- USSR succesfully tested atom bomb in 1949
- china became a communist state from 1949
- need for increased european militarisation - jist 12 western divisions in europe compared to 25 USSR
hallestine doctrine
- FDRs constitution formally commited to the re-unification of germany
- FDR to have no diplomatic relations with any nation that recognises DDR - undermining their legitimacy
- the hard line policy ensured that division between the two germanys remained untill recognition and cooperation (1972 ostpolitik)
what is stalins note?
1952
- proposed joining of two germanys and free elections
- credible - DDR was an economic burden to the USSR
- not credible - stalin could expand soviet influence further with a united and recongised soviet germany
- unification would stipulate neutrality and disarmarment - easier to occupy
economic divisions between east and west germ
FDR
- marshal plan at 10% of 13 billion dollars
- economic miracle - 3rd strongest industry by 1951
- mechanical engineering had doubled between 52 and 53
DDR
- stripped by USSR for reparations
- collectivisation of industry for benefit of USSR
- prioritization of heavy industry over consumer goods
- agrarian reforms = 15,000 had left the country in the 50s
political// military division between two germs
FDR
- international recognised, parlimentary democracy
- joined NATO in 1955
- 350,000 soldiers by 1961
DDR
- under influence of USSR + warsaw pact - policies were not decided by people, but by politbeauro
- not recognised internationally due to hallstein doctrine - only engaged with warsaw pact countries
causes of 1953 uprising
- collectivisation and prioritization of USSR over east german citizens
- lack of change despite the death of stalin in 1953
- ulbrichts impostion of higher work quotas
course of 1953 uprising
- 400,000 protesters took to the streets demanding economic and political reform
- crushed by 600 red army tanks, and 200,000 troops
consequences of 1953 uprising
- ussr demonstrated willingness to use force to maintain subservience and controll over bloc
- lack of western action = political division between east and west sustained
- heightened the movement of east germans to western europe - eventually led to berlin wall
- soviet support allowed ulbricht to push more hard line policies without fears of reprocussion
- formation of stasi and imprisonment of over 5000
