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Cold War - D (second half - EE, end of USSR, consequences) Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

causes for the collaps of soviet influence on EE

A
  • gorbachevs decision to reform USSR, sinatra doctrine 1989
  • cost of intervention - lack of success of intervention in afghanistan + its economic impact, subsidies to EE cost billions each year
  • gorbachevs decision to prioritize internal and domestic issues, rahter than external influence
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2
Q

causes of fall of communism in poland

A
  • economic unrest -> consumerist tendencies led to dissatisfaction within system which couldnt meet demand for goods
  • december 1981 - Jaruzelsi imposed martial law to end solidarity, but eventually embarked on some perestroika style reforms
  • decision to raise food prices by 150% in 1988 led to nationwide strikes against regime (solidarity had 8 million members)
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3
Q

course of fall of communism in Poland

A
  • strikes in gdansk 1988 - forced gov to recognise solidarity movement due to soviet non intervention (sinatra doctrine)
  • 1989 round table agreements recognised solidarity + formed new constitution which enabled solidarity to compete for some seats in both houses –> creation of solidarity government
  • eventually, solidarity replaced communist government
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4
Q

factors which led to fall of communism in poland

A
  • economic failure
  • gorbachev - influenced jaruzelski to undertake reforms + empowerment of protesters against government enabled due to non intervention
  • solidarity movement = people
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5
Q

causes of fall of communism in Hungary

A
  • economic reforms permitted
  • growing opposition to Kadar due to external debt, price rises and desire for change
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6
Q

course of fall of communism in Hungary

A
  • desire for change = reform in communist party
  • 1988 kadar replaced with a reforming communist –> introduction of multi party system
  • free elections agreed in 1990 -> led to dismantlement of border between Hungary and Austria
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7
Q

factors for the fall of communism in hungary

A
  • economic situation = dissatisfaction
  • popular opposition to leadership
  • leaders embarking on reforms = influence of Gorbachev
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8
Q

causes for fall of communism in bulgaria

A
  • zhikov followed glasnost and perestroika reforms
  • could no longer rely on USSR subsidies for their debt = worsening economic situation –> popular protests against regime
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9
Q

course of fall of communism in Bulgaria

A
  • increased opposition of communist party led to reformsers replacing leadership
  • free elections negotiated for 1990 = fall
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10
Q

factors for the fall of communsm in bulgara

A
  • leaders - gorbachevs reform + zhikovs reforms allowed opposition to government
  • economic situation led to dissatisfaction - protests against party
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11
Q

causes for fall of communism in DDR

A
  • calls for freedom of movement
  • visible disparity of living standads + economic failure
  • reliance on exporation led to lack of consumer goods
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12
Q

course of fall of communism in DDR

A
  • honecker refused to impliment gorbachev style reforms and isolated DDR from new thinking
  • Hungary’s decision to open border promoted new exodus - unpopular
  • Gorbachevs visit led to 70,000 demonstraters in leipiz
  • politbeauro forced Honecker to resigne, and new leadership offered travel concessions, eventually led to free elections in 1990
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13
Q

factors leading to the fall of communism in DDR

A
  • economic issues - heavy borrowing and export = bad living standards and unhappines
  • leaders - honeckers refusal to reform = widespread demonstrations against regime
  • gorbachev - inspired protesters, non intervention policy allowed dissent and was a causal factor
  • people - widespread protesting put pressure on gov to change leadership and reform
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14
Q

causes for fall of communism in czechoslovakia

A
  • opposition centered around charter 77 and Havel - protesting human rights violations then imprisonment of Haval
  • protests from 1898 encoraged by gorbachevs stance
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15
Q

course of fall of communism in czechoslovakia

A
  • popular protests from 1989
  • fall of berlin wall brought renewed protests
  • violence against student protest = 100,000s took to streets and party relinquished power due to loss of control
  • borders with austria and germany were dismantled
  • charter 77 formed civic forum = coalition government
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16
Q

factors for fall of communism in czechoslovakia

A
  • charter 77 + popular opposition // enhanced by Gorbachev’s non intervention policy
  • policies of normalization alianated intellectuals, economic failures alienated workers = two pronged oppositon to gov
17
Q

causes for fall of communism in Romania

A
  • most economically impoverished country in bloc
  • ceausescu had responded to debt with austerity -> introduction of rationing whilst his own family enjoyed afluent lifestyle
  • palace built in 1984 for which 7km of buildings were cleared and 100,000 employed
  • regime was led by nepotistic sychophants - led to the use of repression to deal with opposition eg execution of protesters
18
Q

course of the fall of communism in Romania

A
  • demonstrations inspired by reforms in other countries - brutally surpressed and 100 killed
  • ceausescu adressed the nation but he fled, army sided with protestors
  • captured and executed ceausescu and new leader was elected, abolition of one party systm
19
Q

factors for the fal of communism in Romania

A
  • leaders - ceausescu was corrupt and unpopular, faced protest
  • widespread demonstrations in opposition forced the toppling of his regime
20
Q

military obstacles for re-uniting germany

A
  • threat of militaristic germany in the center of europe was concering to east and west
  • fear of ‘4th reich’ in west, and fear of strong germany in NATO from USSR
21
Q

political obsticles to the reunification of germany

A
  • danger of nationalist resurgence
  • question of nature of government
  • threat of soviet influence over politics of whole germany
  • led to political opposition to rapid reunification from some SDP members
22
Q

economic obsticles to reunification

A
  • integration of two different economies
  • how to aid DDR whilst maintaining development in FDR
23
Q

social obstacles to reunification

A
  • social differences + nostalgia for DDR
  • how to bring separated people together without animosity
24
Q

10 point plan

A
  • called for gradual unification of germany (5 years, still faster than what 70% of population expected)
  • first medical and currency, then free elections and free market, setting up common and federal institutions, then joint policies, european integration, then finally regaining unity in self determination
25
support for unification from people
- DDR elections showed support for parties who proposed reunification 1990 - DDR citizens took advantage of currency union -> desire to partake in economy - increased movement from east to west after fall of the wall = unification seemed logical - 500,000 pro unification protesters in Leipzig, Dresden throughout 1990
26
2 + 4 treaty
- peaceful treaty ending partition of germany + commitment to recognising the oder neisse line
27
causes for the resurgance of nationalism within USSR after 1985
- increased awareness of the horrors of stalinism after glasnost policy - perestroika + gladnost -> awareness of the economic issues of the USSR which had been kept hidden - inspired by the actions of the satelite states
28
why did gorbachev loose power// why did coup 1991 happen
- economic failure of perestroika, lost revenue from vodka production cuts - opponents called for both increased conservatism, and further reform - nationalist opposition within USSR - Georgia and Baltic states - created new federation treaty in 1991 which led to coup from hardliners
29
overall causes for fall of USSR
- failure of reforms = 100 billion rouble debt by 1990s - action and support for Yeltsin and nationalism - 11/15 states declared indipendence by 1991
30
causes for civil war in yugoslavia
- surpressed nationalism which came to the forefront of 1990 multi party elections (pro nationalist parties won in all states but Serbia) - 1991 - declaration of indipendence in Slovenia and Croatia, then in Macedonia and B+H in 1992 - serbian leader Milosevic wanted to unite ethnic serbs trhough force - led to invation of Croatia and Bosnia
31
war in bosnia
- 1992 - serb forces besieged sarajevo, forced non serbian population to leave occupided areas - ethnic massacre of 8000 men and boys in occupation of srebrenica despite it being a UN safe zone since 1993 - NATO bombing campaing finally led to Dayton peace accords 1995
32
war in croatia
- invaded by yugoslav army in 1991 - death of 20,000 people - failure of UN treaty to stop war in 1992
33
features of Yeltsins shock therepy
- rapid economic liberalisation - rapid introduction to the free market in 1993 - removal of price controls - cuts in welfare spending and state subsidization of industry -
34
consequences of shock therepy
- increase in crime, suicide, alcholism, infections, workplace accidents and inequality - percentage of population in poverty rose from 1.5% to 49% in 1993 - life expectancy dropped by 7 years - lack of international competitivenes = collaps of indstries and mass unemployment
35
long term causes for fall of USSR
- economic decline and stagnation - secret speech of 1953 inspired dissidence
36
mid term causes of collaps of USSR
- failure of perestroika and gorbachev - openness led to political critisism and demand for self determination within USSR - freedom in EE and soviet non intervention
37
short term causes for collaps of USSR
- coup in 1991 undermined USSR control and party - strength to Yeltsins position, as a nationalist - rising nationalism and cries for indipendence - Tblisi massacre 1989 and loss of control of preriferies