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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 > Cole: Vascular System Histology > Flashcards

Cole: Vascular System Histology Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Large Veins: Typical Feature, causes of varicose veins, causes of hemorrhoids, thormbosis vs embolus

A

Typically have valves to prevent reflux of blood

varicose veins occur when valves don’t close properly

hemorrhoids are dilations of the internal or external rectal venous plexuses.

thrombosis is an aggregate of RBCs in the veins
embolus is when the thrombosis begins sending out aggregates of RBCs

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2
Q

Vasculitis

A

inflammation of our blood vessels

causes changes in the wall of blood vessels, including thickening, weakening, narrowing and scarring

changes restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage

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3
Q

Vascular development: what two ways to blood vessels form?

A

vasculogenesis

angiogenesis

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4
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

blood vessels arise from coalescence of hemangioblasts which arise from blood islands

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5
Q

Angiogensis

A

vessel formation via branches arising from existing vessels

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6
Q

major vessels form through

A

vasculogenesis

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7
Q

Early vasculogenesis

begins in what region of the fetus….
when?
then what?

A

begins in XE splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac

week 3

formation THEN moves into lateral plate mesoderm

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8
Q

Early vasculogenesis: site of blood islands

A

yolk sac

first site of blood sac formation

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9
Q

Blood islands

A

arise from mesoderm cells that are induced to form hemangioblasts, common precursor for vessel and blood cell formation

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10
Q

Early erythropoiesis occurs in the

A

yolk sac

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11
Q

Blood islands: what are they made from, what do they develop into

A

in yolk sac. they contain hemangioblasts and contain two different cell populations

hemangioblasts 1: angioblasts (vascular precursors) form endothelial cells

hemangioblasts 2: hematopoietic stem cell

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12
Q

FGF2

A

binds to mesenchymal cells (mitogen) –> hemangioblasts

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13
Q

VEGF

A

may be expressed in response to HOXB5 which upregulates VEGF receptor FLK1

vascular endothelial growth factor elicits regional change in blood islands (2 receptors)

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14
Q

FLK1

A

receptor for VEGF, induced by HOXB5 to be induced

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15
Q

VEGFR1

A

induces tube formation

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16
Q

VEGFR2

A

induces hemangioblast formation

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17
Q

Central cells in the blood islands become

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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18
Q

Peripheral cells differentiate into

A

angioblasts —> endothelium of blood vessels

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19
Q

Angiogenesis:

Angeiopoietin 1

A

so once nascent vascular bed is established through VEGF signaling, angiopoietin 1 interacts with receptor Tie2

this recruits periendothelial cells (pericytes) to smooth muscle cells in large vessels to organize mature blood vessels

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20
Q

Ang1

A

Angipoietin 1 interacts with Tie1 to cause periendothelial cells (pericytes)

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21
Q

Ang2

A

Angiopoietin 2

interacts with tie2 to induce losee of contact of endothelial cells with ECM. this causes absence of growth of endothelial cells or their death

Ang2 is an increasing target for cancer treatment

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22
Q

What do blood islands do in vasculogenesis?

A

they fuse together to form primary capillary plexus

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23
Q

Once blood circulation is established -

A 
primary plexi are remodelled into hierarchical network of 
Arterioles 
Arteries 
Capillaries 
Venules 
Veins
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24
Q

SHH from the Notochord induces

A

VEGF

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25
VEGF induced by SHH from the notochord does what
induces NOTCH pathway, which specifies arterial development through expression of ephrin2 (ligand)
26
EPHB4
gene specific for controlling venous development
27
PROX1
Master gene for lymphatic vessel differentiation
28
AGM
Aorta-gonad-mesonephros region
29
Definitive hematopoietic stem cells develop where
AGM site surrounding the aorta near the developing mesonephric kidney
30
hematopoietic stem cells eventually...
colonize the liver, which becomes the major hematopoietic organ of the embry (2-7 months)
31
2-7 months hematopoiesis occurs in -- | 7 months >, hematopoiesis occurs in the ---
liver, then bone
32
Hemangioma
abnormally dense collection of capillary vessels | common tumors in infancy (10%)
33
Naevus flammeus
Port Wine Stain superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin
34
Cardiac Wall consists of
three layers 1) Endocardium 2) Myocardium 3) Epicardium
35
Endocardium
the inner most layer that sits under an epithelia
36
Myocardium
a functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers forming three major types of cardiac muscle: atrial muscle ventricular muscle specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers
37
Epicardium
visceral layer of the pericardium | low friction surface lined by a mesothelium in contact with the parietal pericardial space
38
Cardiocytes
contractile: contract to move blood myoendocrine: produces atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) Nodal: specialized to regulate contraction of the heart (SA and AV nodes)
39
Arteries do what two things
pump blood from the heart and store blood
40
3 major layers of an artery
tunica intima tunica media tunica externa
41
Tunica externa
1. outermost layer: tunica Adventitia 2. composed of a loose CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers 3. helps anchor the vessel to other tissues 4. an external elastic lamina can be seen separating the tunica media from adventitia has vasa vasorum
42
tunica media
middle later composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessel lumen) vasodilation: widening of the blood vessel lumen
43
tunica intima
innermost layer of a blood vessel wall composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer external layer of elastic fibers, the internal elastic lamina
44
Arteries from the heart can be classified into three groups
large elastic medium sized small arteries and arterioles
45
Large Elastic (conducting) arteries: two major characteristics
1. they receive blood from the heart under high pressure | 2. they keep blood circulating continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently
46
Which arteries distend during systole and recoil during diastole?
large elastic arteries
47
Tunica Intima consists of the
endothelium and the subendothelial connective tissue
48
large fenestrated sheaths are found in the
tunica media | fenestrated sheaths with bundles of smooth muscle cells permeating the narrow gaps between the elastic lamellae
49
Vasa Vasorum and Nervi varosum are located in the
tunica adventitia of large elastic arteries | as well as lymphatics
50
what major vessels constitute large elastic arteries
the aorta and its largest branches (brachiocephalic trunk, common carotids, subclavian, common iliac arteries)
51
muscular/distributing arteries: the layers tunica intima media externa
tunica intima consist of three 1) endothelia 2) subendothelia 3) internal elastic lamina (IEL) junction of tunica adventitia and media there's a fenestrated external elastic lamina
52
tunica media's "transitional" character in muscular/distributing arteries can be described how?
a major reduction in the elastic component and an increase in the smooth muscle component
53
"medium" sized arteries =
radial, tibial, popliteal, axillary, splenic, mesenteric, intercostal arteries
54
arterioles are considered the
real determinants of systemic blood pressure
55
arterioles regulate
distribution of blood to capillary beds
56
arterioles can both
vasoconstrict and vasodilate, and partially constriction
57
arterioles possess a
internal elastic lamina and a layer of endothelial cells
58
microcirculation bed is composed of
Terminal arteriole (and metaarteriole), the capillary bed, and postcapillary venules
59
capillary bed in a microcirculation contains a number of different capillaries
1) large capillaries: called PREFERENTIAL or Thoroughfare Channels 2) Small capillaries called True capillaries
60
Preferential/Thoroughfare channels
here, blood is continuous
61
True capillaries
blood flow is intermittent
62
the functional unit of the cardiovascular system is called the
CAPILLARY
63
diameter of a capillary
5-10 micrometers
64
how many layers does a capillary have?
only the tunica intima, but this layer consists of the basement membrane and endothelium only
65
Continuous capillaries
lined by an endothelium, tight junctions, and basement lamina with pericytes
66
Fenestrated capillaries
have pores or fenestrae (GI & kidney)
67
sinusoids
discontinuous capillaries. gaps in endothelia and basal lamina. found in liver and spleen
68
what kind of capillary would you find in the GI and kidney?
fenestrated
69
what kind of capillary would you find in the liver and spleen?
sinusoid
70
veins are "reservoir vessels" what is another name for this
capacitance
71
What is the preferred site of blood cell migration into tissues?
postcapillary venules via diapedesis
72
veins are "reservoir vessels" what is another name for this
capacitance
73
why do veins have a high capacitance
because of their high distensibility
74
tunics in veins
distinction between TM and TA is not clear muscular tunica media is thinner than in arteries. smooth muscle cells have an irregular orientation distinct elastic lamina is not seen MT is thinner than in arteries, and smooth muscle cells and have irregular orientation approximately circular typical characteristic of veins is the presence of valves to prevent reflux of blood
75
Hemorrhoids
dilations of the internal or external rectal venous plexuses
76
varicose veins
occurs when valves in the veins don't close appropriately
77
Vasculitis
inflammation of the blood vessels causes thickening, weakening, scarring, narrowing changes restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage
78
varicose veins
occurs when valves in the veins don't close appropriately
79
Vasculitis
inflammation of the blood vessels causes thickening, weakening, scarring, narrowing changes restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage
80
Vasculitis of large sized vessels
chronic inflammation infiltrates arterial wall, a thrombus obliterates vascular lumen "Takayasu's arteries"
81
Vasculitis of medium sized vessels
Burger's disease --> symptoms like Takayasu's arteries Polyarteries nodosa ---> perivascular chronic inflammatory reaction Fibrinoid necrosis of the tinuca intima predisposes to thrombosis
82
Lymphatic vessels begin as
dilated tubes with closed ends in proximity to blood capillaries and collect tissue fluid (lymph)
83
where are lymphatics lacking?
cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS and placenta
84
Lymphatic vessels begin as
dilated tubes with closed ends in porximity to blood capillaries and collect tissue fluid (lymph)
85
Lymphangions
valves that divide each segment of a lymphatic vessel | this helps it behave like an automatic pump
86
Intrinsic and Extrinsic contraction of lymph vessels
intrinsic: when vessels expand they retract extrinsic: outside vessel structures like muscle and vasculature helps further lymph fluid
87
lymphedema
caused by defect in the transport of lymph because of abnormal vessel development
88
chylous ascites and chylothorax
caused by the accumulation of high fat containing fluid or chyle in the abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma obstruction or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels
89
chylous ascites and chylothorax
caused by the accumulation of high fat containing fluid or chyle in the abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma obstruction or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels
90
Endothelial cell mediated regulation of blood flow
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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (21 decks)

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