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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 > Olinger - Cardiology > Flashcards

Olinger - Cardiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Superior and Inferior Mediastinum

A

The separated by sternal angle

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2
Q

The infernal mediastinum is

A

subdivided into anterior, middle, posterior

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3
Q

Anterior mediastinum is

A

anterior to heart

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4
Q

Middle mediastinum is

A

the heart

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5
Q

Posterior mediastinum is

A

posterior to the heart

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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A

FROM left atrium –> bicuspid valve –>Left Ventricle–> Aortic Valve –> Aorta –> Arterial System –> capillaries –> venous system –> superior/inferior vena cava –> heart

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7
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava –> Right Atrium –> tricuspid –> Rive Ventricle –> Pulmonary valve –> Pulmonary trunk –> R/L lungs –> Pulmonary veins –> heart

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8
Q

Epicardium

A

(outermost layer: made up of visceral serous pericardium)

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

thick muscular layer made up spiraling overlapping layers of cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

lack of blood flow to a specific area of myocardium, usually result of a blockage in coronary artery

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11
Q

Angia Pectoris

A

literally means “strangling pain of the chest” originates in heart and radiates into chest

usually has something to do with obstructed coronary arteries that produce ischemia of the myocardium

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer lining the inside of the chambers of the heart and valves

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13
Q

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

dense collagenous fibers

produces attachment points for the myocardium
produces attachment points for the vales of the cuspid valves
supports and strengthens atrioventricular and smilunar orifices
provides an electrically insulated barrier between atria and ventricles

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14
Q

the heart is self-

A

initializing: meaning if you cut all the innervation to it, it will still pump

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15
Q

the heart is made up of a serious pericardium: what are the components of the serous pericardium

A

the Parietal and Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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16
Q

what serve as attachment sites for the myocardium?

A

the fibrous rings that surround the openings. also attachment point for the valves, and it’s also an insulator so atrial contraction doesn’t pass waves through musculature

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17
Q

what direction does the apex of the heart point?

A

leftward

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18
Q

Sternocostal surface

A

Right Ventricle

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19
Q

Diaphragmatic surface

A

R/L Ventricles

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20
Q

Pulmonary Surface

A

Paired: Right atrium and Left Ventricle occupying the cardiac impression on both lungs

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21
Q

Borders of the heart

A

Right Atrium/ Inferior (Right Ventricle)/ Left Ventricle/ Superior (R/L Atria and the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk)

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22
Q

What border is defined by the R and L atria, and serves as the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Superior border

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23
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus

served as communication between the pulmonary trunk and arch of the aorta

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24
Q

Right Atrioventricular groove

A

divides right atrium and right ventricle: carries R. Coronary A.

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25
Left Atrioventricular groove
between left atrium and left ventricle, houses the "Coronary sinus"
26
Anterior interventricular groove
between Right and Left on anterior aspect of heart transmits Anterior Interventricular A and the Great Cardiac V
27
Posterior interventricular groove
between Right and Left ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart, transmits posterior interventricular A and the middle cardiac a
28
Sulcus terminalis
External vertical groove corresponding to the internal crista terminalis
29
Ligamentum Ateriosum
travels from the superior aspect of the pulmonary trunk to the inferior concave border of the aortic arch. adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus
30
what two muscle "named" groups do you find in the R. Atrium?
Pectinate (rough) | and Sinus Venarum (smooth)
31
Crista terminalis
the ridge that separates the pectinate from the sinus venarum
32
sinus venarum
smooth muscle, the septa between the R/L atrium: called the the interatrial septum where Venae Cavae and Coronary Sinus empty
33
what is the septa between the r/l atria?
the sinus venarum --> interatrial septum
34
Fossa Ovalis
oval shaped depression that is an embryological remnant | depression on the interatrial septum
35
Opening for the coronary sinus
in the right atrium
36
R/L Auricles
the little flappy things on the atria that clinicians call the "appendages"
37
Foramen ovalis
the hole in the interatrial septum allowing fetal blood to be shunted from the r. atrium to the l. atrium becomes fossa ovalis
38
Atrial Septa defects
typically incomplete closure of the foramen ovale, roughly 15-120% of adults have small patency in their forament ovale which is considered clinically insignificant
39
What do we find in the R atria?
``` Opening for R. coronary artery Fossa Ovalis (in adults) Interatrial septum Sinus venarum Pectinate muscle Crista terminalis ```
40
R. Atrioventricular Orifice
passage from R. Atrium to R. Ventricle occluded by tricuspid
41
Tricuspid valve
covers R. Atrioventricular Orifice
42
Tricuspid
has 3 cusps, separates R. Atrium from R. Ventricle Anterior Cusp, Posterior Cusp, Septal Cusp Chordae Tendonae: attaches free edges of the three cusps
43
Chordae Tendonae
attaches free edges of the three cusps to the three corresponding papillary muscles
44
Trabecula Carnae
the rought wall of the R. Ventricle
45
Conus Arteriosus
smooth wall of R. Ventricle
46
Septomarginal Trabeculum
carries subendocardial branch (Purkenki fibers), extension of the conus arteriosus
47
Pulmonary Valve
R/L/A cusp
48
What do you find in the R. Ventricle?
Trabecula Carnae Conus Arteriosus Pulmonary valve Septomarginal Trabeculum
49
L. Atrium contains
``` opening for the 4 pulmonary veins sinus venarum interatrial septum left auricle leads to left atrioventricular orifice ```
50
L. Ventricle contains
``` Bicuspid valve anterior cusp Chordae Tendonae Posterior Cusp Papillary M. Aortic sinuses Aortic Valve Aortic Vestibule Trabecula Carnae ```
51
Aortic valve
NOT an active valve, works passively because of the backflow of blood due to recoil of elastic aorta.
52
What is the connection between the aortic valve and the coronary arteries?
there's a backflow of blood due to recoil of elastic aorta when the aortic valve is passive shut, this causes the coronary arteries to begin filling when the myocardium is relaxed
53
what function do the aortic sinuses serve?
they fill with blood because of the backpressure on the aortic valve, and they lead to the coronary arteries r. aortic sinus --> r. coronary artery l. coronary sinus --> l. coronary artery
54
Where does the ascending aorta begin?
at the aortic valve
55
diastole
initiated by sinoatrial node
56
sinoatrial node --->
atrioventricular wall ---> atrioventrical node pacemaker of heart
57
atrioventricular node --->
atrioventricular bunde ---> subendocardial branches
58
"fibrillation"
twitching of the heart
59
defibrillator
makes the heart STOP, not twitch!
60
sequence of pericardiums fibrous, visceral, parietal
Fibrous Pericardium (outside) --> Parietal Serous --> Visceral Serous Pericardium (inside)
61
Transverse Pericardial Sinus
runs under great vessels superior vena cava ascending aorta pulmonary aorta
62
Oblique Pericardial Sinus
essentially the layer posterior to the heart where it sits, things collect there
63
Pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium
64
Pericardial effusion
fluid inside pericardium but outside the heart
65
Pericardiocentesis
removal of fluid from pericardium

Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (21 decks)

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