Collection of Fecal Sample to Egg Hatching Assay Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
In the collection of fecal sample, the container should be sterile, disposable, wide mouth with tight-fitting lid, transparent
(for physical examination of the specimen)
A
TRUE
2
Q
This is very critical when collecting sample
A
Container
3
Q
Enumerate the collection of fecal samples
A
- Container
- AVOID CONTAMINATION WITH URINE, WATER AND SOIL.
- LABEL
- HANDLE CAREFULLY BECAUSE IT IS A POTENTIAL SOURCE
OF INFECTION
4
Q
Enumerate the samples which are unsuitable samples are from patients receiving:
A
Barium
Oil
Bismuth
Kaolin
Antibiotics
5
Q
Enumerate the types of stool specimen
A
Dry and hard/ Scybalous
Ribbonlike
Mushy
Diarrheic
6
Q
What type of stool specimen is spastic colitis?
A
Ribbonlike
7
Q
What type of stool specimen does not retain the bowel cast?
A
Mushy
8
Q
What type of stool specimen is
due to trapped gases?
A
Mushy
9
Q
What type of stool specimen will readily flows upon tilting of the container because it is watery.
A
Diarrheic
10
Q
In the preservation of stool samples, we should never ____
A
Incubate
11
Q
In the preservation of stool samples, should be maintained at room temperature for how many minutes?
A
30 minutes
12
Q
In the preservation of stool samples, Stool is allowed at room temperature for only how many minutes?
A
30 minutes
13
Q
In the preservation of stool samples, Refrigeration should be at what temperature and maintained for how many days?
A
4-8 degree Celsius for 2-3 days
14
Q
Chemical means of preservation:
It is a chemical used for the preparation of stained smears
A
Polyvinyl Alcohol
15
Q
Chemical means of preservation:
It is prepared in the lab or purchased commercially
A
Polyvinyl Alcohol
16
Q
Chemical means of preservation:
What are the composition of PVA?
A
Schaudinn’s fluid 93.5 mL
Glycerol 1.5 mL
Glacial acetic acid 5.0 mL
Polyvinyl alcohol, powdered 5.0 g
17
Q
Chemical means of preservation:
5-10% of formalin is formalinized specimens be prepared thru?
A
- Wet mounts
- with or without iodine (direct fecal smear same
with wet mounts) - Concentration techniques
18
Q
What is the Quality control for formalin?
A
Temperature favors development of helminth eggs
19
Q
Chemical means of preservation:
Transcribe MIF
A
MERTHIOLATE-IODINE-FORMALIN
20
Q
Chemical means of preservation:
MIF is also known as
A
Thimerosal Iodine Formalin (TIF)
21
Q
Chemical means of preservation:
This will stain (Iodine) for direct wet mounts of fresh specimens
A
Thimerosal Iodine Formalin (TIF) or MIF
22
Q
Enumerate the composition of MIF
A
Tincture of Merthiolate 200 mL
Formaldehyde 25 mL
Glycerol 5 mL
Distilled water 250 mL
23
Q
Enumerate the composition of Lugol’s Iodine
A
Iodine 5 g
Potassium Iodide 10 g
Distilled water 100 mL
24
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
For the chemical MIF, in the solutions are mixed in the following proportion per gram
of feces which will serve as the dye
A
TRUE
25
How many mL of MF will be multiplied with Lugols Iodine?
9.4 mL MF X 0.6 mL Lugol’s
26
Chemical means of preservation:
It is for fresh materials obtained from intestinal mucosal linings
SCHAUDINN’S
27
What is the composition of Schaudinn's?
HgCl2 solution Two parts
95 % ethyl alcohol One part
28
TRUE OR FALSE:
For the composition of Schaudinns
HgCl2 solution One part
95 % ethyl alcohol Two parts
FALSE
29
What is the advantage of using Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin (SAF)?
Does not contain HgCl2
30
What is the disadvantage of using Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin (SAF)?
Images of organisms are not sharp after staining
31
This chemical does not contain HgCl2?
Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin (SAF)
32
Transcribe SAF
Sodium acetate- acetic acid formalin
33
In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used to detect what?
the presence of parasites
34
In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used to detect the evidence of ?
dysfunction of some parts of the GIT, liver and pancreas
35
In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
(TRUE OR FALSE)It is used to detect the evidence of GIT bleeding?
TRUE
36
In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used to detect the evidence for the detection of excessive fats in the stool. The excessive fats in stool is known as?
Steatorrhea
37
In the Examination of fecal sample / Importance of Fecalysis:
It is used as a clue in the diagnosis of?
Medical and surgical diagnosis
38
What is the form and consistency of this stool, soft and formed?
Normal
39
Enumerate the other form and consistency of this stool
o very soft and watery
o excessively hard and scybalous
o Rice water stool
o Pea-soup stool
o Flattened or ribbonlike
o Butter like
o Gaseous and fermentative
40
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Cannot be punctured with an applicator stick
Hard
41
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Maintains shape, can be punctured
Formed
42
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Bottom side flattens in the container
Semi-formed
43
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Can be cut with an applicator stick
Soft
44
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Can be reshaped with applicator stick
Mushy
45
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Stool shapes to container
Loose
46
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Stool will flow slowly out of the container
Diarrheic
47
Characteristic of the consistency of Stool:
Fluid-like stool pours out of the container
Watery
48
What type of bristol stool chart:
Separate hard lumps, like
nuts (hard to pass)
Type 1
49
What type of bristol stool chart:
Sausage-shaped but lumpy
Type 2
50
What type of bristol stool chart:
Like a sausage but with
cracks on its surface
Type 3
51
What type of bristol stool chart:
Like sausage or snake,
smooth and soft
Type 4
52
What type of bristol stool chart:
Soft blobs with clear-cut
edges (passed easily)
Type 5
53
What type of bristol stool chart:
Fluffy pieces with ragged
edges, a mushy stool
Type 6
54
What type of bristol stool chart:
Watery, no solid pieces.
ENTIRELY LIQUID
Type 7
55
Color of Stool:
Light brown to dark brown due to stercobilin
Normal
56
Normal color of stool is due to
Stercobilin
57
Color of Stool:
Yellow is due to administration of _______ and ______ seen in antibiotic therapy
Santonin and Senna
58
Color of Stool:
What color is increased milk diet in infants?
Yellow
59
Color of Stool:
What color is presence of unchanged bilirubin?
Yellow
60
Color of Stool:
What color is the obstruction to bile flow?
Yellow
61
Color of Stool:
What color is ingestion of the large amounts of cornmeal?
Yellow
62
Color of Stool:
What color of the stool after ingestion of Barium meals?
Light Clay or putty color
63
Color of Stool:
What color of the stool that is due to the absence of bile pigments?
Light Clay or putty color
63
Color of Stool:
What color is the bleeding in the lower GIT (fresh blood)?
Reddish or Bloody
64
Color of Stool:
What color is the undigested beets and tomatoes?
Reddish or Bloody
65
Color of Stool:
What color is the bleeding in the upper GIT?
Dark red/ chocolate brown
66
Color of Stool:
What color is the increased intake of coffee, chocolate
and cherries, black berries
Dark Red / Chocolate brown
67
Color of Stool:
If the color of dark red stool when a person has a dengue, it is advised
not to eat ______ like chocolate
because this can cause a false _____ result because of the stool color.
dark foods
False positive
68
Color of Stool:
What is the color of the stool if it is associated with digestion of blood due to bleeding in the upper GIT?
Black/tarry
69
Color of Stool:
What is the color of the stool if it is increase intake of iron, Bismuth and charcoal
Black/Tarry
70
Color of Stool:
The color of the stool if black/ tarry, if you regularly take in medication like
_________, there is a tendency that
stool color
ferrous sulfate
71
Color of Stool:
The color of the stool Greenish may be due to what?
1. Amoebiasis
2. ingestion of vegetables like spinach
3. presence of unchanged biliverdin
72
Color of Stool:
Due to cocoa and chocolate produce dark gray
stools
Gray
73
Color of Stool:
Gray color stool that is due to blueberry juices, carbon, iron and
bismuth that causes the color of ________ to _____ feces
gray to pitch black feces
74
Color of Stool:
Gray color stool with the presence of undigested fats, following
inadequate bile secretion
Light Gray
75
Color of Stool:
Due to Malabsorption syndrome
Gray
76
Color of Stool: Miscellaneous
1. Presence of drugs
2. Whitish discoloration or _____
3. Aluminum hydroxide prep`n and _______
4. Blue - _____ and ____
5. Orange-red- ______
1. Bizarre colors
2. speckling
3. barium
4. Methylene blue and dithiazanine
5. Pyridium
77
Odor of Stool:
Tryptophan is due to ____ and ____
Indole and Skatole
78
Odor of Stool is dependent on
Amount of meat in the diet Putrefactive bacteria
79
Odor of Stool:
foul to offensive due to indole, skatole and butyric
acid
Normal
80
Odor of Stool:
Sour Odor
1. Normal for infants: ________ in
ingested milk
2. Adults - ______
1. Fatty Acids
2. Steatorrhea
81
Odor of Stool: severe diarrhea in
children
Sour odor to a putrid odor
82
Abnormal odor found in ulcerative and malignant
tumor of the lower bowel
Putrid Odor
83
Abnormal odor that indicates gas formation, fermentation of carbohydrate, unabsorbed fatty
acids
Sour/rancid odor
84
Abnormal odor that is usually in seen in alkaline stools,
putrefaction of undigested protein.
Extremely foul odor
85
Abnormal odor seen in the ulcerations of
intestines and rectum, malignancy, syphilis,
dysentery and necrotic lesions of the intestines
Extremely foul odor
86
blood which is not visible to the naked eye and can only be
detected by chemical means only
Occult blood
87
Occult blood may be seen in
1. Benign peptic ulcer
2. Esophageal, stomach, duodenal bleeding
3. Hemorrhoids
4. Liver cirrhosis
5. GIT carcinoma/ Rectal carcinoma
88
Enumerate the laboratory examination for occult blood test
1. Benzidine test
2. Guaiac's test
3. Hematest
89
A kit that we used in the blood
Hematest
90
Identify if False + or False -:
Peroxidase activity of substance or fecal material
o Bacteria
o Fresh fruits
o Vegetables
o Cauliflowers
o Chlorophyll of plants
False +
91
Identify if False + or False -:
Iron in the diet
False +
92
Identify if False + or False -:
Myoglobin in ingested meat
False +
93
Enumerate the Peroxidase activity of substance or fecal material seen in false + result in occult blood test
o Bacteria
o Fresh fruits
o Vegetables
o Cauliflowers
o Chlorophyll of plants
94
Identify if False + or False -:
Large amount of vitamin C. Interferes in the oxidation of _____
False -
Chromogen
95
Identify if False + or False -:
Breakdown of blood and its constituents
False -
96
Identify if False + or False -:
Hemorrhage in the upper GIT
False -
97
Identify if False + or False -:
Technical errors
False -
98
PATIENT PREPARATION PRIOR TO OCCULT BLOOD TEST: Meat free diet for _______ prior to the test
3-5 days
99
Microscopic Examination:
due to hemorrhagic disorder, ulcers and contamination
RBC
100
Microscopic Examination:
indicative of inflammation
WBC
101
Simplest and most frequently used
Direct Fecal Smear
102
DFS uses ______ and ______
0.85% sodium chloride/NSS and D’antonis solution/Lugol’s Iodine
103
Composition of DFS that is for the observation of the motility of trophozoites
0.85% sodium chloride/NSS
104
Composition of DFS that doesn’t demonstrate glycogen vacuole and nuclei
0.85% NaCl or NSS
105
Composition of DFS where cysts appear glistening and refractile
0.85% NaCl or NSS
106
Composition of DFS for protozoan cysts and helminth ova
D’antonis solution/Lugol’s Iodine
107
Composition of DFS that kills the trophozoites and helminth larva
D'antonis solution
108
Composition of DFS where chromatodail bars are fully seen
and for glycogen vacuole
D'antonis solution
109
USES OF COVERSLIP:
1. to avoid ______ of the preparation
2. to avoid _______ and contamination of objectives
3. to avoid ______ of the stain
1. drying
2. fogging
3. rapid loss
110
Reagents used for Kato Thick Smear :)
o Distilled water 100 ml
o Glycerin 100 ml
o 3% malachite green 1 ml
o Use cellophane as cover slip
111
Coverslip used in KTS
Cellophane
112
Clearing time when using KTS
1. ______ at room temperature
2. ___________ in a dry incubation.
1. 1 HOUR
2. 20-30 minutes
113
ADVANTAGES OVER NSS AND D` ANTONIS
1. For _______ examination
2. Satisfactory for all kinds of ______________
1. large scale
2. helminth eggs
114
DISADVANTAGES OVER NSS AND D'ANTONIS
1. Unsuitable for ____________ stools
2. Unsuitable for _______________ and _____________
1. diarrheic stools
2. protozoan cysts and trophozoites
115
Detection of small number of parasites not detected using
DFS
Concentration techniques
116
A method used for Protozoan cysts, helminth eggs and larvae
Sedimentation Method
117
It is less efficient than flotation because protozoan cysts and
many eggs may not be seek
Sedimentation Method
118
Concentrate eggs, larvae and cysts of parasites, operculated
and schistosomal eggs
FORMALIN-ETHER TECHNIQUE
119
FECT uses _________
Ether (ethyl acetate)
120
Material can be examined hours or even days
after preparation
FECT
121
Not applicable for protozoan cysts
ACID-ETHER SEDIMENTATION
122
we may observe helminth eggs and larvae
acid-ether
123
Not recommended because it is time consuming
SIMPLE SEDIMENTATION
124
For Microfilariae
KNOTT CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE
125
What specimen is used for Knott Concentration technique
Blood
126
Helminths eggs and protozoan cysts may either float or sink
depending on their specific gravity
Flotation Method
127
Flotation Method:
1. Helminth eggs, protozoan cysts and larvae - _________
2. Chemical solutions: (________) specific gravity that we
use
3. Eggs and cysts: ________
4. Fecal materials: __________
5. Optimal time for examination: ________
1. (1.05 to 1.15)
2. 1.12 to 1.23
3. Float
4. Sinks
5. 5-20 minutes
128
ZINC SULFATE CENTRIFUGAL FLOTATION TECHNIQUE
1. Specific gravity: ______
2. 80% effective in detecting eggs and cysts in ________
3. Hookworm: __________
4. Ascaris (fertile): ________
5. Trichuris: ________
6. Giardia: ________
7. E. histolytica: ________
1. 1.18
2. light infections
3. 1.005 does it floats
4. 1.110 it floats
5. 1.150 it floats
6. 1.060 it floats
7. 1.070
129
ZINC SULFATE CENTRIFUGAL FLOTATION TECHNIQUE:
________ ova don’t float because it cannot be detected, diagnostic stage may still be
viable but it destroys trophozoite
Operculated ova
130
Technique used for Cryptosporidium
SUGAR FLOTATION TECHNIQUE/SHEATHER’S SUGAR
FLOTATION
131
We can isolate here the rounded oocysts and crescent
sporozoites
SUGAR FLOTATION TECHNIQUE/SHEATHER’S SUGAR
FLOTATION
132
SUGAR FLOTATION TECHNIQUE/SHEATHER’S SUGAR
FLOTATION COMPOSITION:
o Sucrose - ______ g
o Tap water - ____ mL
o Phenol - _____ g
Sucrose: 500 g
Tap water: 320 mL
Phenol: 6.5g
133
uses sat. NaCl solution- 40g NaCl + 100 mL dist. H2O
WILLIE’S BRINE
134
Method used for the detection of Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia
CELLULOSE TAPE PREPARATION/GRAHAM SCOTCH TAPE METHOD
135
CELLULOSE TAPE PREPARATION/ GRAHAM SCOTCH TAPE METHOD :
________ negative results
Collection: _______ before the patient washes or defecates
_________________ are available
4 consecutive
Collection: morning
Commercial collection kits
136
getting a sample directly into the rectum, it is called as the
________ because the sticky part of the scotch tape
will be attached to the rectum and will serve as the coverslip
Graham Scotch Method
137
A technique that estimates worm burden
Degree of infection
Hookworms, Ascaris, Trichuris
EGG COUNT TECHNIQUE
138
A technique for the degree of infection
Egg count technique
139
Enumerate the parasites that can be seen when using the egg count technique
Hookworms, Ascaris, Trichuris
140
DIRECT SMEAR EGG COUNT/ BEAVER DIRECT SMEAR
METHOD:
1. 1.5 mg feces (______) = epg
2. 2 mg feces (______) = epg
1. 667
2. 500
141
STOLL’S EGG COUNTING TECHNIQUE DILUTION EGG
COUNT- _______ NaOH
0.1 N
142
THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT- KTS for ________
SCHISTOSOMES
143
DILUTION-FILTRATION EGG COUNT- for _______
SCHISTOSOMES
144
EGG HATCHING:
The counts can be reported as eggs per direct smear
DIRECT SMEAR EGG COUNT
145
EGG HATCHING:
It uses the dilution egg count
DIRECT SMEAR EGG COUNT
146
EGG HATCHING:
Direct Smear egg count was proposed by ______ and ________
Stoll and Hausheer
147
THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT:
The Kato cellophane covered thick smear as modified by
______ and _______
Martin and Beaver
148
THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT:
For simultaneous qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of the
common intestinal nematode infections and routine
quantitative diagnosis of __________________ and
____________ infections
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japanicum infections
149
EGG HATCHING:
For simultaneous qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of the
common intestinal nematode infections
THICK SMEAR EGG COUNT
150
EGG HATCHING:
Dilution-Filtration Egg count was proposed by _______
Bell
151
EGG HATCHING:
Schistosome eggs can be concentrated filtering a suspension of feces through filter paper on which the eggs are stained and counted
Dilution-Filtration Egg count
152
EGG HATCHING:
The procedures are complicated and time
consuming and special equipment is required.
Dilution-Filtration Egg count
153
EGG HATCHING:
the tool being used is like the Neubauer counting chamber
Dilution-Filtration Egg count
154
__________ is a laboratory tool used to determine
a given parasite’s resistance to extant drug therapy.
Egg hatch assay (EHA)
155
Fresh eggs are incubated from the parasite of interest and
serial dilutions of the drug of interest are applied. The
percentage of eggs that hatch or die is determined at each
concentration and a drug response curve may be plotted.
EGG HATCHING TECHNIQUE/ASSAY
156
EGG HATCHING TECHNIQUE/ASSAY:
The data can then be transformed and analyzed to give further statistics such as an _______
ED50
157
The technique is labor intensive, expensive and can take
some tine however an egg hatch assay will give and accurate
and reliable result
EGG HATCHING TECHNIQUE/ASSAY
