LESSON 2: APHASMID NEMATODA (ADENOPHOREA) Flashcards by MARY ANGELICA JACILDONE

What is the common name of Trichinella spiralis?

Trichina worm

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Trichinella spiralis:
a. What is the Infective stage

b. Main Habitat

c. Final Host

d. (T/F) Intermediate hosts of T. spiralis same animal as the final host

a. Encysted larva
b. small intestine, skeletal muscles (larva)
c. hogs, rats, man
d. TRUE

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Trichinella spiralis:
First found in the muscle of patient that was autopsied by __________ in _______ in 1828

peacock in London in 1828

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Trichinella Spiralis:
In 1835 ______ was the first investigator to describe and name the insisted larvae

Richard Owen

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3 sub spp. that can infect a man in Trichinella Spiralis:

a. ______________ – temperate regions
b. ______________ – Artic region (artic bears)
c. ______________ – found in Africa (African
predators and scavengers)

a. Trichinella spiralis spiralis
b. Trichinella spiralis nativa
c. Trichinella spiralis nelson

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What are the diseases when a person is infected with T. spiralis?

Trichinosis
Trichiniasis
Trichinellosis

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Trichinella spiralis: LARVA

a. at birth: _________ & highly coiled

b. it can reach _________ when it enters a _________

c. has ________ -like burrowing tip at its tapering ________

d. grows rapidly about ____ mm

e. the digestive tract of a mature larvae insisted in a muscle fiber resembles that of an ________

f. the reproductive organ of the T. spiralis is __________ developed, but even then it is already possible to identify the sex of the parasite whether it is a male or a female

a. at birth: 80-120 µm

b. it can reach 900-1000 µm when it enters a muscle fiber

c. has spear-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior end

d. grows rapidly about 1 mm

e. the digestive tract of a mature larvae insisted in a muscle fiber resembles that of an adult worm

f. the reproductive organ of the T. spiralis is not yet fully developed, but even then it is already possible to identify the sex of the parasite whether it is a male or a female

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Trichinella spiralis: ADULTS
Rarely seen in _______ or _____________

stool or any material

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T. spiralis: FEMALE

a. Measures __ mm x __ mm

b. Posterior end: _______
anterior fifth: with _______

c. Has a ______ in the ______ part of the body

d. It has an ______ , a ______ , a uterus, a ______ and a ______

e. (T/F): Smaller than males

f. LARVIPAROUS – lay ________

g. Can live for _____ which capable of producing ________ or more in her life time

a. Measures 3.5 mm x 0.06 mm

b. Posterior end: bluntly rounded; anterior fifth: with single vulva

c. Has a single ovary in the posterior part of the body

d. It has an oviduct, a seminal receptacle, a uterus, a vagina and a vulva

e. FALSE - Larger than males

f. LARVIPAROUS – lay larvae

g. Can live for 30 days which capable of producing 1500 larvae or more in her life time

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T. spiralis: MALES
a. Measures __ mm x __ mm

b. posterior end: ______________ with two lobular ______________

c. it has a ______________ located near the ______________ part of the body

d. Joined in the mid-body by the ______________ which extends up to the ______________

e. Has a pair of caudal appendages and two pairs of papillae

a. Measures 1.5 mm x 0.04 mm

b. posterior end: ventrally curved with two lobular caudal appendages

c. it has a single testis located near the posterior part of the body

d. Joined in the mid-body by the genital tube which extends up to the cloaca

e. Cloaca

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What is the habitat of Trichinella spiralis?

Small intestine
Skeletal muscle (larva)

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Is Man is only an accidental host in Trichinella spiralis?

TRUE

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Requires 2 hosts in order to complete the life cycle

Blind Alley Cycle

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TRUE OR FALSE:
When humans are infected with T. spiralis it is considered as a dead-end infection

True

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LIFE CYCLE OF T. SPIRALIS:
The larvae will lodge itself to the ______ → ______ → ______ → finally lodging itself to the ______

The larvae will lodge itself to the mucosa → lymphatic system
→ circulation → finally lodging itself to the striated muscles

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TRUE OR FALSE:
T. spiralis is acquired most commonly to the ingestion of infected pork

True

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What Clinical Phase of Trichinella Spiralis is usually seen in the first week of infection

Intestinal Phase

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Intestinal Phase:
 Small intestinal____ and _______

edema and inflammation

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What Clinical Phase can also be known as the incubation/ intestinal invasion?

Intestinal Phase

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INTESTINAL PHASE:

a. Signs and symptoms: ______, ______, ______,______, ______, and ______, ______

b. __________ in severe case can also be found as well as ______, and ______,

a. Signs and symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, headache and fever, myalgia

b. Splenomegaly in severe case can also be found as well as
gastric and intestinal hemorrhages

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What Clinical phase of Trichinella spiralis is also known as larval migration and muscle invasion?

Migration Phase

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MIGRATION PHASE happens up to the 6th week of infection with the following signs and symptoms:
a. _____________

b. Blurred vision as well as ___________

c. Edema of the ______ and _____

d. _______, _______

e. ___________ (15-40% for 1 month)

f. 4th to 8th week: ________

g. _________ inflammation

h. Edema and pain of _________

i. Larval ________

a. High fever (40oC)
b. ocular disturbances
c. face and eyes

d. Cough, pleural pains

e. Eosinophilia (15-40% for 1 month)

f. 4th to 8th week: death

g. Acute local inflammation

h. Edema and pain of musculature

i. Larval encystation

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What are the predominating symptoms of the Migration Phase seen in Trichinella spiralis?

Eosinophilia
Orbital edema
Muscular pain and tenderness
Shallow and painful breathing
General weakness

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What Clinical Phase of T. spiralis is where fever, weakness, pain and other symptoms start to abate

Encystment / Encapsulation Phase

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Encystment / Encapsulation Phase: a. Full recovery is expected in this phase since trichinellosis is a ___________ b. (T/F) Self-limiting disease: eventually Trichinella spiralis will die. It just has a specific life cycle once it enters the human body, it will undergo its life cycle and during this phase the parasite will die

a. self-limiting disease b. True

What diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis uses a sample of Gastrocnemius and biceps?

Muscle Biopsy

Muscle biopsy is digested with?

Pepsin-hydrochloride

Muscle Biopsy: Samples should be taken at week of infection?

3rd or 4th

What diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis uses an antigen preparation of Trichinella larva?

Bachman Intradermal Test

Bachman Intradermal Test observe after how many minutes?

30 mins

Positive result of Bachman Intradermal Test

large elevated swelling at the site of injection

This is done when meat is suspected of harboring the existed larvae of trichinella and feeding the meat to the albino rats

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis

Observation is done 14 days after inoculation for the presence of female worm in the duodenum, and larvae in the muscles of the experimental animal.

Beck's Xenodiagnosis

This would provide the confirmatory diagnosis but the problem with this one is that there is a late rise of the antibody titers which usually commences 3-4 weeks after a light infection

Serodiagnosis

During heavy infections, titers may rise as early as 2 weeks

Serodiagnosis

Enumerate other diagnosis used in the detection of Trichinella spiralis

Serodiagnosis Beck's xenodiagnosis Bentonite Flocculation Latex Flocculation IFAT ELISA Blood Count: Eosinophilia

Prevention of Trichinella spiralis: a. Elimination of encysted larva in hogs through _________ at __°C for 24 hours b. Extermination of _____ and _____ around farms. This would now prevent the further spread of the parasite c. Thorough cooking of _____

a. Elimination of encysted larva in hogs through freezing at -30 °C for 24 hours b. Extermination of rats and mice around farms. This would now prevent the further spread of the parasite. c. Thorough cooking of pork

This was described in the Philippines in 1963 after the death of the first human case

Capillaria philippinensis

An epidemic occurred in 1967- 1968 where more than 1000 cases were reported and also 100 individuals died

Capillaria philippinensis

Descendant of Trichuridae

Capillaria philippinensis

Capillaria philippensis: a. It is a tiny nematode that resides in small intestine of humans and the esophagus has rolls of secretory cells called __________ b. The entire esophageal structure is called _________

a. stichocytes b. stichosomes

Common name of Capillaria philippensis

Pudoc worm

It has a common name of pudoc worm

Capillaria philippensis

What are the diseases related to Capillaria philippensis?

o Capillariasis or Mystery Disease o Malabsorption Syndrome - Flattening of the villi

Capillaria philippinensis: MALE a. size: ____ to ____ mm b. caudal alae; _______, ___________ c. The spicule is ____ - _____ mL

a. size: 2.3-3.17 mm b. caudal alae; long, non-spiny sheath c. The spicule is 230- 300 mL

Capillaria philippinensis: FEMALE a. size: ___ to ___ mm b. What are 2 Divisions in Females? o Anterior- __________ and __________ o Posterior- ________ and ______________ c. The vulva is located at the junction of the ________ and the ________ of the body

a. size: 2.4-4.3 mm b. What are 2 Divisions: Anterior & Posterior o Anterior- esophagus and esophageal glands o Posterior- Intestine and reproductive organs c. The vulva is located at the junction of the anterior and the middle third of the body

Capillaria philippinensis: FEMALE a. What are the 2 types of adult female?

a. Atypical and Typical Female

Capillaria philippinensis: FEMALE TYPICAL OR ATYPICAL FEMALE: 1) Uterus lined with 2-3 rows of eggs 2)Uterus lined with 1 row of egg 3) Larviparous 4) Oviparous 5) causes internal auto-reinfection

1) Atypical female 2) Typical female 3) Atypical female 4) Typical female 5) Atypical female

Capillaria philippensis: OVA a. Color: ________ b. Size: __ x __ µ c. similar to that of ________ d. smaller & ________ e. ________ plugs f. ________ shape g. Passed in the feces and embryonate in the ________ or ________ and they must reach the water in order to be ingested by small species of fresh water or brackish water fish

a. Color: Pale yellow b. Size: 42x20 µ c. similar to that of T. trichiura d. smaller & more striated shells e. Flattened plugs f. Peanut shape g. Passed in the feces and embryonate in the soil or water and they must reach the water in order to be ingested by small species of fresh water or brackish water fish

What parasite has a peanut shape?

C. philippensis

What parasite has a color pale yellow ova?

C. philippensis

What parasite has a flattened plugs seen in the ova?

C. philippensis

Give the 4 IH of Capillaria philippensis

Glassfish, “Bagsit”, “Bagsang”, “ipon”

What is the DH of Capillaria philippensis?

Man and Birds

Main Habitat of Capillaria philippensis?

Large & Small Intestine

Laboratory Diagnosis of Capillaria philippensis?

Direct Fecal Smear, Sedimentation

Diagnostic Stage of Capillaria philippensis

Fertilized Ova

Capillaria philippensis: FEMALE a. size: __ - ___ m b. Divisions: o Anterior – _______ and ________ o Posterior – ________ and ________

a. size: 2.4 – 4.3 m b. Divisions: o Anterior – esophagus and esophageal glands o Posterior – intestine and reproductive organs

Capillaria philippensis: MALE a. size: ____ - ____ mm b. caudal alae; ______, _____________

a. size: 2.3 – 3.17mm b. caudal alae; long, non-spiny sheath

Predominant Symptoms of Capillaria philippensis

borborygmi abdominal pain Diarrhea (chronic)

When C. philippensis is left untreated it may cause: a. weight loss; _________ b. _________, _________ c. _________ d. _________, _________, and _________ e. Death: _________, after these are seen f. It can cause low electrolyte level specifically the _________, and there are high levels of __ during capillariasis

a. weight loss; malaise b. vomiting; dehydration c. anorexia d. pneumonia, heart failure and cerebral edema e. Death: 2 – 8 weeks after these are seen f. It can cause low electrolyte level specifically the potassium and there are high levels of IgE during capillariasis

Drug of choice for C. philippensis

Albendazole

C. philippensis: ALBENDAZOLE a. ____ mg/day for 10 days b. destroys _____ readily

a. 400 b. larvae

C. philippensis: MEBENDAZOLE ____ mg twice a day for ___ days or ____ mg/day for __ days

200 FOR 20 days 400 mg for 20 days

Laboratory Diagnosis for C. philippensis

DFS & Concentration technique

Mode of Transmission for C. philippensis

Eating infected fish

It has a common name of Capillary liver worm

Capillaria hepatica

Capillaria hepatica: 1) What is the infective stage? 2) What is the definitive hosts? 3) What is the habitat of C. hepatica?

1) Infective stage: embryonated ova 2) Definitive Hosts: rats, dogs, cats, monkeys and rarely in human 3) Habitat: liver of the host

What parasite resembles lemon-shaped eggs?

Capillaria hepatica

The ova of Capillaria hepatica resembles that of?

Trichuris trichiura

The ova of the outer shell of C. hepatica resembles?

pitted like golf ball

Capillaria hepatica: MALE ADULT males are half as long as the female with slightly __________

chitinized spicule

Diagnosis of Capillaria hepatica

Liver biopsy (revealing characteristic egg and parasite)

Transmission of C. hepatica: 1) Eating of ___________ 2) Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks (_______________)

1) Eating of dog’s meat 2) Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks (embryonated ova)

Trichuris trichuria: Synonyms: ______________, ______________

Trichocephalus trichiurus, Trichocephalus dispar

It has a Common name of whipworm

Trichuris trichuria

What is the common name of Trichuric trichuria

Whipworm

What is the common name of Trichuric trichuria

Whipworm

Trichuris trichuria: 1) Infective stage: __________ 2) Principal host: _______ , but has been found in ______, ______, ______, ______, _______ 3) Main habitat: _______ & ________ 4) Life span: ____ years

1) Infective stage: embryonated ova 2) Principal host: man, but has been found in hogs, monkeys, cattle, dogs, mice 3) Main habitat: cecum & appendix 4) Life span: 5-10 years

What parasite has an ova that resembles Barrel/football-shaped, Japanese lantern

Trichuris trichuria

The ova of Trichuris trichuria resembles?

Barrel/ football-shaped, Japanese lantern

Trichuris trichuria: 1) ____µm x _____ µm in size 2) 3 layers: a. ________, ________ embryo b. outermost layer – ________, ________ c. ___________ / _________

1) 50 µm x 25µm in size 2) 3 layers: a. undeveloped, unicellular embryo b. outermost layer – smooth, bile-stained c. Hyaline/Mucus plug

Trichuris trichuria: ADULT a. _______ – colored b. anterior _________ is __________ (_________) c. _________ type of esophagus

a. flesh b. three-fifths is attenuated (whiplike) c. stichosoma

Trichuris trichuria: ADULT MALE 1) _____ mm 2) posterior portion: _______ at what degree 3) _________ protruding through a refractile pineal sheath 4) ____________ at the posterior portion of the male

1) 30-45 mm 2) posterior portion: coiled ( 360 Degree) 3) lanceolate spicule protruding through a refractile pineal sheath 4) inverted spiculate at the posterior portion of the male (picture)

Trichuris trichuria: ADULT FEMALE 1) ____ mm 2) ___________ rounded ________ end 3) _____________ eggs per day

1) 35-50 mm 2) bluntly rounded posterior end 3) 3,000-10,000 eggs per day

What is the infective stage of Trichuris trichuria?

Embryonated ova

Diagnosis of Trichuris trichuria

Diagnosis: o Direct Fecal Smear o Kato Thick smear o Concentration Methods

What diseases in T. trichuria causes Bloody or mucoid diarrhea

Trichuriasis

Trichuriasis: 1) __________ and __________ 2) ______________ tenderness 3) Increased __________ and __________ 4) Other effects are __________ 5) Obstruction and inflammation of the __________ known as __________ 6) __________ and __________ 7) Extreme __________ (the weakness and wasting due to severe chronic illness. It is sometimes present in test

1) Weight loss and weakness 2) Abdominal pain tenderness 3) Increased peristalsis and rectal prolapse 4) Other effects are nausea , no ef 5) Obstruction and inflammation of the appendix (appendicitis) 6) Hypoalbuminemia and IDA 7) Extreme cachexia (the weakness and wasting due to severe chronic illness. It is sometimes present in test.

Trichuriasis, it is the weakness and wasting due to severe chronic illness. It is sometimes present in test

Cachexia

Treatment for Trichuriasis and give the dose

Mebendazole (500mg) Albendazole (400mg)

Prevention of Trichuriasis 1) Sanitary disposal of ________ 2) Thorough washing of ________ 3) Thorough washing and cooking of ________ 4) Avoid using ___________ as fertilizer

1) Sanitary disposal of feces 2) Thorough washing of hands 3) Thorough washing and cooking of food 4) human feces

What parasite causes the disease of Trichucephaliasis?

T. trichuria

HI GUYS DONT STRESS URSELF TOO MUCH, IK U GUYS CAN DO IT :) HIHIHI TITI

TITI

What parasite is found in Europe, North and South America as well as China

Dioctophyma renale

What parasite is found in Europe, North and South America as well as China

Dioctophyma renale

Known as the largest parasitic nematode of domesticated animals

Dioctophyma renale

What is the Synonym of Dioctophyma renale?

Eustrongylus gigas

It has a common name of Giant Kidney Worm

Dioctophyma renale

What is the common name of Dioctophyma renale?

Giant Kidney Worm

Dioctophyma renale: 1) Adults are blood _____ in color and ________ (slightly) on both ends 2) What is the infective stage of D. renale? 3) Habitat: ________ (typically the __________) and less frequently to the abdominal cavity of mammals

1) Adults are blood red in color and attenuated (slightly) on both ends 2) Infective stage: 3rd stage larva 3) Habitat: Kidney (typically the right kidney) and less frequently to the abdominal cavity of mammals

The habitat of this parasite is the Kidney (typically the right kidney) and less frequently to the abdominal cavity of mammals

Dioctophyma renale

T/F: Dioctophyma renale It destroys the kidney substance leaving an enlarged cystic shell containing the coiled worm and purulent material. If both kidneys were invaded, the host would die and the worm would become extinct.

True for titi

Dioctophyma renale: 1) Definitive - _____, _____, ______ and other carnivores; fish eating mammals 2) Intermediate - _____________ 3) Paratenic - ____ and _____

1) Definitive - Mink, dogs, foxes, and other carnivores; fish eating mammals 2) Intermediate - Oligochaete annelids 3) Paratenic - Fish and frogs

Life span of Dioctophyma renale

Life span: 5 years

What is the diagnosis of Dioctophyma renale?

eggs in urine (Urine sedimentation)

What is the specimen of choice of D. renale? Poops or Weewee

Urine

Clinical Significance of Infection in D. renale: 1) Usually the _________is able to serve the entire body and the infection is asymptomatic 2) Sometimes the host shows sign of kidney trouble 3) Vomiting often occurs when the _________ stage penetrates into the wall of the _________

1) Usually the left kidney is able to serve the entire body and the infection is asymptomatic 2) Sometimes the host shows sign of kidney trouble 3) Vomiting often occurs when the third larval stage penetrates into the wall of the stomach

Treatment of Dioctophyma renale

surgical excision (removal) of the infected kidney

T/F for Dictophyma renale: do not feed animals raw fish

True for titi

The ova of this parasite is ellipsoidal and brownish-yellow

Dioctophyma renale

What is the ova of D. renale?

Ellipsoidal and brownish yellow

Dioctophyma renale: OVA 1) _____________ depressions 2) Diagnosis: eggs in ______

1) deeply sculptured depressions 2) Diagnosis: eggs in urine

Dioctophyma renale: ADULTS 1) _________ red in color 2) __________ (slightly) on both ends

1) blood red in color 2) attenuated (slightly) on both ends

Dioctophyma renale: MALE ADULT 1) Size: ____ cm x _____ mm 2) ________ copulatory bursa 3) not supported by r_____; covering of _________

1) Size: 14-20 cm x 4-6 mm 2) Bell-shaped copulatory bursa 3) not supported by rays; covering of papillae

This male adult parasite has bell-shaped copulatory bursa

Dioctophyma renale

Dioctophyma renale: FEMALE ADULT 1) vulva: ____________ near _________

1) vulva: midventral near anterior

LIFE CYCLE OF D. RENALE 1. __________ eggs are shed in _______ 2. Eggs embryonate in the _______ 3. Eggs ingested by _______ host (_______) 4. _______ encyst in the _______ host and do not develop any further 5. Carnivores (including _______ and _______) serve as the ______________ hosts and become infected after ingesting paratenic or intermediate hosts 6. Human can become an incidental host after eating _______ paratenic hosts

Sowy sinama ko yan baka lumabas eh. Kasi saamin puro life cycle. Baka ganun din si mareng Jaleh. Enjoy mga titi friends 1. Unembryonated eggs are shed in urine 2. Eggs embryonate in the water 3. Eggs ingested by intermediate host (earthworms) 4. Larvae encyst in the paratenic host and do not develop any further 5. Carnivores (including canids and mustelids) serve as the primary definitive hosts and become infected after ingesting paratenic or intermediate hosts 6. Human can become an incidental host after eating undercooked paratenic hosts

LESSON 2: APHASMID NEMATODA (ADENOPHOREA) Flashcards

(118 cards)