Combined Public Health/ Science Of Health And Disease

Question 1

Give 2 definitions of disease

Answer 1

1. An interruption, cessation. or disorder of the body’s functions, systems or organs
2. A morbid entity characterized usually by at least two of the following criteria:

Consistent anatomical alterations

Recognized etiological agents

Signs a and symptoms

Question 2

What are the selected categories of diseases?

Answer 2

MINT’D

Metabolic

Infectious

Nutritional

Traumatic

Developmental

Question 3

What are 3 examples of developmental diseases?

Answer 3

Learning disability

Vision impairment

ADHD

Question 4

What are causes of developmental disabilities?

Answer 4

Preterm birth

Certain viral infections during pregnancy

Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities

Prenatal exposure to substances

Question 5

Prenatal exposure to substances an example includes…

Answer 5

Drinking alcohol when pregnant can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Question 6

What are some examples of genetic or chromosomal abnormalities?

Answer 6

Down syndrome and Rhett syndrome

Question 7

What are developmental milestones?

Answer 7

Things that give a general idea of the changes to expect as a child gets older. Such as smiling and walking for the first time

Question 8

What is developmental monitoring?

Answer 8

At each well child visit doctors examine developmental delays and talks with parents about concerns they might have

Question 9

Any problems noticed during developmental monitoring should be followed up by ______________ _______

Answer 9

Developmental screening

Question 10

What is developmental screening?

Answer 10

A short test to tell whether a child is learning basic skills when they should they are delayed

Question 11

What is malnutrition?

Answer 11

Refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and nutrients.

Question 12

What are the 3 broad groups addressed by malnutrition?

Answer 12

1. Under nutrition- which includes wasting (low weight for height)
2. Stunting (low height for age)
3. Underweight( low weight for age)

Question 13

What is Stunting?

Answer 13

Low Height For age

Question 14

What is wasting?

Answer 14

Low weight for height

Question 15

What is underweight?

Answer 15

Low weight for age

Question 16

What are symptoms of kwashiorkor(nutritional disease)?

Answer 16

1. Large pot belly
2. Stunted growth
3. Swelling of face and limbs
4. Skin diseases
5. Mental retardation

Question 17

Metabolically rare typically_________

Answer 17

Hereditary

Question 18

What usually causes onset of metabolic disorders?

Answer 18

Can appear healthy for up to years but symptoms onset when body’s metabolism comes under stress like prolonged fasting or during febrile illness

Question 19

It is possible to obtain __________ ____________ ________ screening for some metabolic diseases.

For example, testing for __________ _______disease is relatively common in the ___________ __________ population

Answer 19

Prenatal diagnostic screening

Ashkenazi. Jewish.

Question 20

What are metabolic diseases?

Answer 20

Diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism

Question 21

What are possible consequences of metabolic imbalance?

Answer 21

Intellectual disability

Seizures

Decreased muscle tone

Organ failure

Blindness

Deafness

Question 22

What is infectious disease?

Answer 22

A disease resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial agent

Question 23

The major epidemics are caused by ___________, ________ or ____________ all causing different types of diseases

Answer 23

Viruses

Bacteria

Parasites

Question 24

What are symptoms of Zika Virus?

Answer 24

1. Mild fever
2. Skin rashes
3. Conjunctivitis (red eye)
4. Muscle and joint pain
5. Malaise and headaches

Question 25

How can Zika Virus spread be prevented?

Answer 25

Stay away from mosquitos and breeding sites Wear clothes that thoroughly cover the body Wear light-colored clothing Young children and elderly should remain inside Keep your home and surrounding area clean to prevent mosquitos from breeding

Question 26

How is malaria transmitted?

Answer 26

Female mosquito bites during dusk and dawn and needs a blood meal to feed her eggs . Malaria is transmitted from one person to another by a bite of female mosquito

Question 27

Why do male mosquitos not transmit malaria?

Answer 27

They feed on plant juices not blood

Question 28

How any species of anopheles mosquito are there? How much species can transmit mosquitos?

Answer 28

380 species but 60 can transmit malaria

Question 29

Why does the accumulation of water vapor favor the spread of mosquito related diseases?

Answer 29

Because mosquitos anopheles breed in water

Question 30

What are the top 4 reasons for PTSD in men?

Answer 30

1. Rape 2. Combat exposure 3. Childhood neglect 4. Childhood physical abuse

Question 31

What causes PTSD in women?

Answer 31

1. Rape 2. Sexual molestation 3. Physical attack 4. Being threatened with a weapon

Question 32

Acute stress reaction becomes PTSD becomes

Answer 32

It lasts longer than 1 month You experience emotional numbness You avoid reminders of trauma You relive or replay events Experience hyper arounsel(amped up emotion)

Question 33

What is an acute stress reaction?

Answer 33

When someone experiences trauma and has a reflective response but it goes away pretty quickly

Question 34

How much women die from preventable causes related to childbirth and pregnancy everyday?-according to centers for disease control and prevention and how much I’m developing countries

Answer 34

800 99% in developing countries

Question 35

Among deaths for children under 5, how much do neonatal deaths account for?

Answer 35

40%

Question 36

In 2012 ______________ children died before age 5

Answer 36

6.6 million

Question 37

How much children under 5 die due to diarrhea?

Answer 37

760,000

Question 38

Some of the most common infections associated with congenital anamolies are ____________. Infections

Answer 38

ToRCH

Question 39

Some congenital anamolies such as..... have a genetic basis

Answer 39

Down syndrome, hemophilia and Tay-Sachs

Question 40

What are the leading causes of death among black infants?

Answer 40

Prematurity and low birth weight

Question 41

What is the third leading cause of death among black infants?

Answer 41

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 42

How was SIDS reduced?

Answer 42

An educational campaign about infant sleeping positions cut SIDS death by 38%

Question 43

When was SIDS first recognized as a public health issue?

Answer 43

In the late 1960s when more than 7,000 infants died unexpectedly every year

Question 44

What vaccinations are required for children by law before school age?

Answer 44

Diphtheria Tetanus Polio Measles Mumps Rubella(German mumps) Pertussis(whooping cough)

Question 45

How is HUV usually spread?

Answer 45

By having sex and sharing syringes and other injection equipment with someone who is infected Substance abuse makes people less likely to use condoms

Question 46

I’m 2003, 34-46. Million people were living with HIV infection. How much cases were in the sub-Saharan Africa?

Answer 46

Three fourths

Question 47

how much children were living with HIV/AIDS?

Answer 47

2.1 and 2.9 million children

Question 48

By the end of 2002, how much cases of HUV were represented by women?

Answer 48

58%

Question 49

How can HIV mother to child transmission be prevented?

Answer 49

By treating women during pregnancy and delivery period

Question 50

What are risk factors for perinatal, maternal and under 5 morbidity/mortality ?

Answer 50

Poverty Lack of parental care Environmental chemicals such as lead, pesticides, organic solvents Maternal behaviors such as smoking

Question 51

Wahat are common ways public health prevents diseases ?

Answer 51

Pre and post natal screening for diagnostic testing Protection of pregnant women from exposure to environmental teratogens Dietary supplementation with folic acid Adequate family planning services and access to medical care Immunization requirements Fluoridation of community water supplies

Question 52

____________ _________ is the mist common noticeable disease in the US

Answer 52

Chlamidia trachomatis

Question 53

Untreated chlamidia trachomatis infection can lead to _______ ________ __________ which is a major cause of __________, ________ ________ and _______ __________ _______

Answer 53

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Infertility Ectopic pregnancy Chronic pelvic pain

Question 54

Chlamidia infection could facilitate the transmission of _________

Answer 54

HIV

Question 55

Pregnant women with chlamidia can pass their infection to infants during delivery resulting in _________ ________

Answer 55

Ophthalmia neonatorum

Question 56

Ophthalmia neonartum can lead to....

Answer 56

Blindness and pneumonia

Question 57

________________ is the second mist reported notifiable disease in the U.S.

Answer 57

Gonorrhea

Question 58

Gonorrhea infections are due to....

Answer 58

Neisseria gonorrheae

Question 59

Gonococcal infections also facilitate the transmission of _____ infection and are a major cause of _________ _____________ ________ in the U.S.

Answer 59

HIV Pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 60

What is Syphilis?

Answer 60

A genital ulcerative disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallium

Question 61

Syphilis can lead to transmission and acquisition of ...

Answer 61

HIV

Question 62

Teenage mothers are less likely to seek ____________, _______ and __________ during pregnancy putting them at risk of low birth weight and other serious complications

Answer 62

Prenatal care Smoke Gain adequate weight

Question 63

How should teenage pregnancies, STD and HIV be prevented?

Answer 63

Increase their access and use of sexual health services e.g. HIV testing, contraceptive counseling and HPV vaccination

Question 64

What are the 3 groups the elderly are characterized into?

Answer 64

Young old- 65-74 years Aged- 75-84 years Oldest old - over 85 years

Question 65

What is risk factor of cirrhosis?

Answer 65

Alcohol

Question 66

What are risk factors of RTA?

Answer 66

Alcohol, no use of seat belts, speed, roads

Question 67

What are risk factors of diabetes?

Answer 67

Obesity and diet

Question 68

What are risk factors of a stroke?

Answer 68

High blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, smoking

Question 69

What are risk factors of cancer?

Answer 69

Smoking, alcohol, solar radiation, ionizing radiation, work site hazards, environmental pollution, medications, infectious agents, dietary factors

Question 70

What are risk factors of heart disease?

Answer 70

Smoking, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, Type A personality

Question 71

What are the most important determinants for the old aged?

Answer 71

Nutrition and physical activity

Question 72

Does obesity increase risk of arthritis?

Answer 72

Yes

Question 73

This is the single largest killer of males and females with almost 500,000 deaths per year

Answer 73

Cardiovascular disease

Question 74

Half die within 1 hour of symptoms. In 48% of men and 63% of women who die suddenly without symptoms

Answer 74

Cardiovascular disease

Question 75

What are the warning signs of a heart attack?

Answer 75

Chest pain(angina pectoris) Discomfort Shortness of breath Cold sweat Nausea Light headedness

Question 76

What are some ways to prevent a heart attack?

Answer 76

Reduce alcohol intake Monitor BP and cholesterol Quit smoking and other drugs Exercise Healthy eating habits

Question 77

What are the most common cancer deaths?

Answer 77

Lung and bronchus Breast(female) Prostate Colon and rectum

Question 78

What is the second leading cause of death in the US?

Answer 78

Cancer

Question 79

One every four deaths every year is due to ...

Answer 79

Cancer

Question 80

What are warning signs of cancer?

Answer 80

``` CAUTION Change in bowel of bladder habits A sore throat that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness ```

Question 81

What can be done to prevent cancer ?

Answer 81

Avoid smoking Perform regular BSE Females get regular Pap smear test Get regular clinical screenings when appropriate Diet- lots vegetables, low fat, moderate protein Exercise

Question 82

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 82

Loss of bone from the skeleton as people age

Question 83

What is the most serious risk factor of osteoporosis?

Answer 83

Hip fractures

Question 84

What may increase risk of osteoporosis?

Answer 84

Smoking and alcohol

Question 85

Give a statistic that shoes the effect of hip fractures on the elderly and their lives

Answer 85

Study showed only 73% of those that suffered a hip fracture for those 75 years or older are alive one year later