Common Drugs

Question 1

what is the mechanism of action of furosemide?

Answer 1

inhibit Na/K/2Cl cotransporters in thick ascending limb of loop of henle

Question 2

what can excessive dosage of furosemide lead to?

Answer 2

azotemia
weakness
dehydration
lethargy
electrolyte depletion
hypotension

Question 3

what are some ACE inhibitors?

Answer 3

enalapril
lisinopril
benazepril

Question 4

what are the indications for ACE inhibitors?

Answer 4

CHF
systemic hypertension
protein losing nephropathy

Question 5

what is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 5

inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme

Question 6

what are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 6

hypotension
azotemia (concurrent diuretic)
renal failure (rare)
gastrointestinal side effects

Question 7

do ACE inhibitors cause a cough?

Answer 7

no- only in humans

Question 8

what are the indications for spironolactone?

Answer 8

treatment of CHF
pre-CHF maybe

Question 9

what is the mechanism of action of spironolactone?

Answer 9

aldosterone antagonist

Question 10

what are the side effects of spironolactone?

Answer 10

gastrointestinal upset
hyperkalemia
azotemia
literature says well tolerated

Question 11

what are the indications for pimobendan?

Answer 11

CHF in dogs
advanced heart disease before CHF
sometimes CHF in cats

Question 12

what is the mechanism of action of pimobendan?

Answer 12

calcium sensitizer
PDE3 inhibitor

Question 13

why do we want to use pimobendan in CHF?

Answer 13

it has been shown to improve outcome

Question 14

what are the side effects of pimobendan?

Answer 14

uncommon
excitability
GI upset
arrhythmia theoretically

Question 15

what are the types of antiarrhythmic medications?

Answer 15

class I
class II
class III
class IV
digoxin

Question 16

what is another name for the class I antiarrhythmics?

Answer 16

sodium channel blockers

Question 17

what are some sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?

Answer 17

procainamide
quinidine
lidocaine
mexiletine

Question 18

what are lidocaine and procainamide used primarily for?

Answer 18

ventricular arrhythmias
given IV in emergency

Question 19

what drug is used for atrial fibrillation conversion in horses?

Answer 19

quinidine

Question 20

what is the mechanism of action of sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?

Answer 20

block fast sodium channels
found in cardiac myocytes, not nodal cells

Question 21

what are the side effects of of sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?

Answer 21

gastrointestinal upset
neurological
quinidine in horses: tachycardia, sweating, hives, colic

Question 22

what is another name for the class II antiarrhythmics?

Answer 22

beta blockers

Question 23

what are some class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

Answer 23

propanolol
atenolol
carvedilol
metoprolol
esmolol

Question 24

what are some indications for class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

Answer 24

outflow tract obstruction
ventricular arrhythmia, sometimes supraventricular

Question 25

are class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers used in CHF?

Answer 25

not in animals yes in humans

Question 26

what is the mechanism of action of class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

Answer 26

block beta adrenergic receptors: block sympathetic stimulation

Question 27

which class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers are beta1 specific?

Answer 27

atenolol metoprolol

Question 28

what are the side effects of class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

Answer 28

bradycardia, AV block hypotension weakness, fatigue, dizziness bronchospasm (beta2) worsening CHF (negative inotrope)

Question 29

what is another name for the class III antiarrhythmics?

Answer 29

potassium channel blockers

Question 30

what are the drugs part of the class III antiarrhythmics/potassium channel blockers?

Answer 30

sotalol amiodarone

Question 31

what is the mechanism of action of class III antiarrhythmics/potassium channel blockers?

Answer 31

block potassium channels prolong the action potential

Question 32

what are some side effects of sotalol?

Answer 32

negative inotrope: could precipitate CHF hypotension

Question 33

what are some side effects of amiodarone?

Answer 33

hepatotoxicity thyroid abnormalities very long half life

Question 34

what is another name for class IV antiarrhythmics?

Answer 34

calcium channel blockers

Question 35

what are some class IV antiarrhythmics/calcium channel blockers?

Answer 35

diltiazem amlodipine

Question 36

what is the indication of diltiazem?

Answer 36

supraventricular arrhythmia

Question 37

what is the mechanism of action of diltiazem?

Answer 37

calcium channel block slows SA and AV node conduction: slows heart rate

Question 38

what is the mechanism of action of amlodipine?

Answer 38

selective for vascular calcium channels: vasodilation

Question 39

what are the indications for digoxin?

Answer 39

supraventricular arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, SVT) refractory CHF vasovagal syncope

Question 40

what is the mechanism of action of digoxin?

Answer 40

vagomimetic Na/K ATPase inhibitor restores baroreceptor function

Question 41

what are the side effects of digoxin?

Answer 41

narrow therapeutic window gastrointestinal upset any arrhythmia depression, neurologic

Question 42

what is the mechanism of action of sildenafil?

Answer 42

phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor

Question 43

what is the end result of sildenafil?

Answer 43

pulmonary arterial vasodilation

Question 44

what is an indication for amlodipine?

Answer 44

systemic hypertension

Question 45

what does it mean that digoxin is a Na/K ATPase inhibitor?

Answer 45

increase in intracellular Na leads to Na/Ca exchanger which leads to more Ca into cell enhanced myocardial contractility

Question 46

what are the side effects of sildenafil?

Answer 46

weakness hypotension +/- skin flushing and GI upset