Pathology of the Heart Part 1

Question 1

what fluids can cause distension of the pericardium?

Answer 1

serous effusion
fibrin
inflammatory cells
blood (clots present)

Question 2

what can cause thickening of the pericardium?

Answer 2

fibrosis/granulation tissue
fibrin
inflammatory cells
proliferative changes

Question 3

what can cause hydropericardium?

Answer 3

cachexia
hypoalbuminemia
congestive heart failure
congestive heart failure
neoplasm
systemic diseases

Question 4

what are some causes of hemopericardium?

Answer 4

aortic rupture
atrial rupture
rupture of pulmonary artery
hemangiosarcoma

Question 5

what is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 5

acute filling of pericardial sac

Question 6

what is fibrinous pericarditis?

Answer 6

pericardial distension by fibrin and inflammatory cells

Question 7

what do the mesothelial cells in mesothelial hyperplasia look like?

Answer 7

cuboidal or columnar, no longer squamous

Question 8

what can cause serous atrophy of fat?

Answer 8

inadequate nutritional supply
secondary to starvation or inanition

Question 9

what are “jet lesions” on the endocardium?

Answer 9

fibrosis: firm, grey, tan, or white linear to branching roughened, mildly raised lesions

Question 10

when does mineralization of the endocardium occur in conjunction with?

Answer 10

necrosis
fibrosis
erosion

Question 11

what does the surface of the endocardium look like with erosion?

Answer 11

rough and red

Question 12

what is valvular dysplasia?

Answer 12

malformed valves

Question 13

what valves are most commonly affected by valvular dysplasia?

Answer 13

av valves

Question 14

what are the valves like in myomatous valvular degeneration?

Answer 14

shortened and thickened

Question 15

what valves are affected by valvular stenosis?

Answer 15

aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 16

what happens in valvular stenosis?

Answer 16

narrowing of valve opening: fibrous ring

Question 17

what is endocarditis?

Answer 17

inflammation of the endocardium

Question 18

what valves are most and least affected by endocarditis?

Answer 18

left AV > aortic > right AV > pulmonic

Question 19

what does microscopy show with vegetative valvular endocarditis?

Answer 19

mats of fibrin, blood, inflammatory cells, and colonies of bacteria

Question 20

what are some incidental valvular lesions found in ruminants that do not cause any functional abnormalities?

Answer 20

hematocyst
lymphocyst/serous cyst

Question 21

what are the two anatomic forms of hypertrophy?

Answer 21

eccentric
concentric

Question 22

what are the types of primary cardiomyopathies?

Answer 22

hypertrophic
dilated
restrictive

Question 23

what is eccentric compensatory hypertrophy a response to?

Answer 23

preload
volume overload

Question 24

what is concentric compensatory hypertrophy a response to?

Answer 24

afterload

Question 25

what happens to the myofibers with increased preload?

Answer 25

lengthen due to sarcomere addition in series: large volume chamber

Question 26

what happens to the myofibers with increased afterload?

Answer 26

thicken due to sarcomere addition in parallel thick walls

Question 27

can myocyte regeneration occur with cardiomyocyte degeneration?

Answer 27

yes, if sarcolemmal tubes are intact

Question 28

what is fatty degeneration associated with?

Answer 28

anemia copper deficiency other systemic disorders

Question 29

what is necrosis and mineralization associated with?

Answer 29

nutritional deficiencies ingestions of chemical and plant toxins ischemia

Question 30

what does nutritional myopathy look like in the heart?

Answer 30

right ventricle > left ventricle

Question 31

does fatty infiltration have gross lesions?

Answer 31

no possible slightly tan myocardium

Question 32

what does pericardial thickening by neoplasia look like grossly?

Answer 32

white to tan irregularly round nodules protrude from epicardial surface parietal surface looks roughened

Question 33

does serous atrophy of fat impact the function of the heart?

Answer 33

little effect

Question 34

where does serous atrophy of fat occur?

Answer 34

epicardial surface and coronary groove

Question 35

what can cause jet lesions/fibrosis on the endocardium?

Answer 35

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 36

what can cause mineralization of the endocardium?

Answer 36

vitamin D toxicity plants containing vitamin D analogs Johne's disease uremia

Question 37

what can cause erosion of the endocardium?

Answer 37

endocarditis uremia

Question 38

what can erosion of the endocardium occur in conjunction with?

Answer 38

necrosis fibrosis mineralization

Question 39

what can be the appearance of valvular dysplasia?

Answer 39

small, short, thick fused to endocardium short, poorly branched chordae tendinae

Question 40

what is the gross appearance of myxomatous valvular degeneration?

Answer 40

valves shortened and thickened white to grey nodules smooth and shiny surface thickened chordae tendinae

Question 41

what can cause myxomatous valvular degeneration?

Answer 41

valvular insufficiency regurgitation cardiac failure

Question 42

what is valvular stenosis associated with?

Answer 42

concentric hypertrophy of left or right ventricle

Question 43

are bacteria or fungi more likely to cause endocarditis?

Answer 43

bacteria

Question 44

which valve is most affected by endocarditis in bovines?

Answer 44

right AV

Question 45

what are the three stages of myocyte response to stress/injury?

Answer 45

initiation stable hyperfunction dysfunction

Question 46

what are some other ways myocytes manifest injury other than hypertrophy?

Answer 46

cardiomyocyte necrosis/degeneration fibrosis fat accumulation hydropic degeneration

Question 47

what are the three primary cardiomyopathies?

Answer 47

hypertrophic dilated restrictive

Question 48

what can infiltrate the myocardium?

Answer 48

fibrosis adipocytes amyloid

Question 49

what is right ventricle hypertrophy associated with?

Answer 49

heartworm disease pulmonic stenosis pulmonary hypertension

Question 50

what is left ventricle hypertrophy associated with?

Answer 50

subaortic stenosis hyperthyroidism systemic hypertension

Question 51

what is hydropic degeneration a feature of in veterinary medicine?

Answer 51

anthracycline toxicity

Question 52

is lipofuscinosis a pathologic change?

Answer 52

no

Question 53

which nutritional deficiencies is necrosis and mineralization associated with?

Answer 53

vitamin E/selenium copper thiamine

Question 54

which ventricle is impacted more by nutritional myopathy?

Answer 54

right ventricle

Question 55

in whom is fatty infiltration expected?

Answer 55

obese animals

Question 56

what is myocardial fibrosis common in?

Answer 56

most heart diseases

Question 57

what does myocardial fibrosis look like grossly?

Answer 57

no gross lesions or white-grey, firm areas