Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical pharmacology > Common drugs used in horses > Flashcards

Common drugs used in horses Flashcards

1
Q

SID
BID
TID
QID

A
  • SID - ONCE A DAY - Q 24 H
  • BID - TWICE A DAY - Q 12 H
  • TID - 3 TIMES A DAY - Q 8 H
  • QID - 4 TIMES A DAY - Q 6 H
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

IA injection

A

intraarticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phenothiazine used in horses

A

acepromazine

mild sedation for ie. transport, shoeing etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mode of action of acepromazine

A

dopamine antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

acepromazine positive cardiac effect in anesthesia

A

antiarrhythmic
(and recovery tends to be smoother)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

time of onset of ace via PO and IV

A

PO 30 min
IV 15 min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

main side effect of acepromazine

A

systemic hypotension which can outlast sedation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name of acepromazine paste for horse

A

sedazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ace is contraindicated in what horses? (6)

A

dehydrated, anemic and shock horses
foals, old horses
stallions (paraphimosis and/or priapism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

main alfa2 agonist side effects in horses (5+)

A

ataxia
bradycardia, transient hypertension followed by hypotension (biphasic response)

GI motility and GI perfusion reduced
esophageal motility reduced

smooth muscle relaxation in upper airways (can cause stertor)

hyperglycemia, mydriasis, decrease in HCT, sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why should horses not eat for 2 hours after sedation with alfa2 agonists?

A

alfa 2 agonists decrease esophageal motility, increasing risk of esophageal obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

main reason to choose between xylazine, detomidine, romifidine for horse sedation?

A

xylazine is fairly short acting so for quick procedures (10-20 after admin.)

detomidine (30-45 min after admin.)

romifidine (about 1 hour duration) for longest procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what to remember about opioids in horses?

A

not to be used as monotherapy in horses. cause CNS excitement if admin. alone!

combine with alfa2 agonists or acepromazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define ileus

A

inhibition of the gastrointestinal propulsion without signs of mechanical obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most commonly used opioids in horses (2)

A

butorphanol and morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

most commonly used drug class in horses

A

NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 6 NSAIDs commonly used in horses.

A

flunixin meglumine
phenylbutazone

meloxicam
ketoprofen
carprofen
firocoxib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mode of action of NSAIDs

A

decrease eicosanoids in inflammatory lesions by way of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX)

(inflammation, fever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

NSAID side effects in horses (4)

A

Side effects are mostly mediated by inhibition of COX-1.

decrease in intestinal motility
gastric and intestinal ulceration (ponies more sensitive)
renal damage
platelet dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do not administer NSAIDs what route EVER?

A

IM

big risk of clostridial myositis!
“suppurative infection of muscle without necrosis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

flunixin is usually administered what routes (and dose)

A

1.1MG/KG IV, PO SID/BID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the most effective NSAID for visceral pain?

A

flunixin meglumine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the most effective NSAID for orthopedic pain in horses?

A

phenylbutazone
2.2-4.4MG/KG SID, BID PO/IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

note that phenylbutazone as a relatively narrow

A

therapeutic index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What NSAID should you NOT use in donkeys?

A

meloxicam

(is ineffective, not dangerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe meloxicam in horses.

A

Is more COX-2 selective than COX-1

Is not as effective as flunixin in colic patients.

Do not use in donkeys, has no effect in them.

  • 0.6MG/KG IV, IM BID
  • 0,6MG/KG PO SID-BID
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe ketoprofen
in horses.

A

very effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory

not as effective as phenylbutazone for ortho pain, but is effective in colic

28
Q

Describe carprofen in horses.

A

Effective analgesic but weak anti-inflammatory.

More COX-2 selective than flunixin or phenylbutazone but less so than meloxicam.

No data on effect on colic pain.

Best on inflammatory pain.

29
Q

Describe coxibs in horses.

A

very strongly cox-2 selective

Firocoxib (previcox) requires a “loading dose”.

PO and IV

Similar analgesia as flunixin for acute colic.

Do NOT flush with saline, flush with (back-drawn) blood (precipitates).

30
Q

Name the main spasmolytic used in horses.

A

butylscopolamine 0,1-0,3MG/KG IV

used for colic and rectal exams.
the analgesic effect lasts approx. 20 min

31
Q

what is butylscopolamine sometimes combined with

A

dipyrone

a painkiller, spasm reliever, and fever reliever drug.

32
Q

what cardiac change can butylscopolamine cause?

A

tachycardia

33
Q

describe lidocaine use in horses

A

as an analgesic, usually CRI with loading dose. monitor heart rate and watch for tremors.

colic and ileus treatment. decreases reperfusion injury.

34
Q

reperfusion injury

A

defined as the paradoxical exacerbation of cellular dysfunction and death, following restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissues.

Mechanisms of injury involved in vascular reperfusion are three-fold:
- Increased formation of reactive oxygen species.
- Microvascular vasoconstriction.
- Adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial lining, their activation, and release of cytokines

35
Q

Name 3 common local anesthetics used in horses.

A

lidocaine (shortest duration)

bupivacaine (slow onset, longest duration(6h) most potent)

mepivacaine (least irritation, intermediate duration; pretty ideal for most procedures)

36
Q

Which local anesthetic would you use for intra articular injection?

A

mepivacaine

rapid onset, least irritation and least toxic to chondrocytes. less vasodilation.

37
Q

penicillins used in horses (2)

A

procaine benzylpenicillin (IM)
Na-benzylpenicillin (IV)

38
Q

most common side effects of penicillins in horses

A

soft feces, and sometimes diarrhea

39
Q

aminoglycosides used in horses (2)

A

gentamicin
amikacin

40
Q

since penicillins are against gram pos., they are often combined with?

A

aminoglycosides (which are against gram neg. mostly)

41
Q

side effects of aminoglycosides (2)

A

nephrotoxicity (check crea before admin.)
ototoxicity

42
Q

what to note when administering alfa 2 agonists and potentiated sulfonamides in horses?

A

keep min. 15min between sedative and AB as too soon can cause sudden volatile drop in blood pressure (also arrythmias and death poss.)

43
Q

name 2 common potentiated sulfonamides used in horses (2)

A

trimetoprim + sulfamerazine PO
trimetoprim + sulfadiazine IV (Slowly! to avoid seizures and never admin. to sedated horses (alfa2 interaction))

44
Q

What musculoskeletal condition is oxytetracycline used for in foals?

A

tendon contracture

only in neonatal foals, given once in a very high dose in combo with splinting.

The mechanism by which oxytetracycline helps in the resolution of tendon contracture in foals is not entirely understood, but there are several proposed theories:
- Oxytetracycline has mild anti-inflammatory properties.
- Oxytetracycline has been shown to inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes involved in tissue remodeling and repair, including the turnover of collagen in tendons.
- Some studies suggest that oxytetracycline may affect the growth plates of bones in young animals.
- There is some evidence to suggest that oxytetracycline may have neuromuscular effects, potentially influencing muscle tone and contractility.

45
Q

Name 2 common tetracyclines used in horses.

A

doxycycline
oxytetracycline

46
Q

Describe doxycycline in horses.

A

Broad-spectrum

Can never be given IV! causes collapse and death this route.

So, 10 mg/kg PO BID.

47
Q

Describe oxytetracycline in horses.

A

Given IV, 5-10 mg/kg BID.

Give very slowly and as a dilution infusion. Can cause hypotension and collapse, phlebitis.

Nephrotoxic

48
Q

Cefalosporins in horses.

A

not often used in horses

  1. gen: foals only
    cefalexin
    cefazolin
    cefadroxil
  2. gen. can be used in adults
49
Q

why avoid fluoroquinolones in foals?

A

can cause arthropathies

such as enrofloxacin

50
Q

Name 2 common fluoroquinolones used in horses.

A

enrofloxacin
marbofloxacin

51
Q

Why choose marbofloxacin over enro-?

A

Considered to cause less arthropathies than enro-.

52
Q

describe a nitroimidazole used in horses

A

metronidazole; PO, PR (per rectum)

anaerobes, protozoa

side effects: inappetence, diarrhea

not for use in animals intended for human consumption!

53
Q

main 2 systemic glucocorticoids used in horses

A

dexamethasone
prednisolone

note: laminitis risk

54
Q

2 inhalatory glucocorticoids used in horses

A

flu-ti-casone
cicle-sonide

these are safer regarding side effects vs PO glucocorticoids.

for resp. diseases, systemic glucocorticoids are used much less commonly than these inhalatory ones.

55
Q

drugs that decrease gastric acid production that are used in gastric ulcer treatment of horses (2)

A

omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor)
esomeprazole (proton pump inhibitor)

56
Q

protective drugs used in gastric ulcer treatment of horses (3)

A

sucralfate
misoprostol
ranitidine (H2-receptor agonist)

57
Q

sucralfate in horses

A

Binds to ulcerated mucosa, stimulates mucous secretion, PGE synthesis, enhances blood flow.

At least 30 min after other oral medication (decreased absorption of other drugs).

Should be added to every glandular ulcer treatment protocol.

58
Q

misoprostol use in horses

A

Suppresses gastric acid production; also anti-inflammatory effect.

May cause abdominal pain;
Better absorption from empty stomach.
Only for glandular ulcers.

59
Q

ranitidine use in horses

A

Suppresses gastric acid production; also anti-inflammatory effect.

Less effective than other options; sometimes used to follow up omeprazole.

60
Q

drug use in foals

A

foal are NOT small adult horses, very different metabolism of many drugs.

different dosages and dosage intervals.

use all drugs with caution in foals, especially sick foals.

61
Q

IVRLP

A

intravenous regional limb perfusion

is a well-established method for delivering high antimicrobial concentrations to the equine distal limb for preventing and treating equine orthopedic and soft tissue infections.

62
Q

locations for IM injections in horses (4)

A

neck (use upper 1/3 of neck as carotid will be tucked away deeper and you dont want to hit it)
pectorals
gluteals
semimembranosus

absorption varies based on site.
possible reactions: abcesses, cellulitis, swelling, pain.

63
Q

what types of drugs are given SC in horses? (3)

A

very few systemic drugs
local anesthetics
nerve blocks

64
Q

difference between inhaler and nebulizer

A

An inhaler uses a chemical to push the medicine into the lungs or the medicine is a fine powder.

Nebulizer: A nebulizer is a electric- or battery-powered machine that sprays a fine, liquid aerosol of medicine.

65
Q

How do you apply an inhaler to a horse.

A

Put the inhaler on one nostril, let the horse inhale 1-2 min.

Clinical pharmacology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions