Substances affecting blood Flashcards
Blood accounts for approx. what % of body weight?
Blood accounts for 4-8 % of the body weight.
The lifespan of cellular elements of blood is short: how many days?
110 to 120 days for erythrocytes and a couple of days for leukocytes and thrombocytes.
Blood loss of what% = hypovolemic shock.
Blood loss of 25 to 40% – hypovolemic shock.
What are some causes of Hemolytic anemia?
blood parasites (babesiosis),
bacterial pathogens (Leptospira, Clostridium),
medicinal products (Phenothiazines),
toxins (snake venom),
metabolic illnesses,
severe training exercises (in horses),
stress
Define Hypoplastic (aplastic) anemia
Inhibition of bone marrow function, the reduction of synthesis of various types of blood cells.
bone marrow is either empty (aplastic) or contains few blood cells (hypoplastic)
Hypoplastic anaemia, aplastic anaemia – red blood cells synthesis disorder.
Pancytopenia =
a decrease in the synthesis of all types of blood cells.
Define Agranulocytosis.
an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous lowered white blood cell count (leukopenia, most commonly of neutrophils)
Causes of Hypoplastic (aplastic) anemia.
Among medicinal products, the causes are chloramphenicol, to a lesser extent sulfonamides, NSAIDs, organophosphorus substances.
may also be exposure to radiation, chemicals and chronic infections.
Stimulation of erythropoiesis
A decrease in the amount of oxygen that reaches tissues stimulates an increase in the production of erythrocytes by bone marrow.
Specialized cells in the kidneys, called interstitial fibroblasts, sense the low oxygen levels in the blood passing through them.
In response to hypoxia, these interstitial fibroblasts release erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream. EPO binds to receptors on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Chronic heart failure and lung disease is accompanied by cellular hypoxia and the production of erythrocytes increases.
Describe Alimentary anemia .
Anemia related to nutrition, frequently described as an iron deficiency anemia.
The cause is the insufficient absorption, excessive breakdown, accelerated expulsion of nutrients, minerals and vitamins, or an increased iron requirement (bleeding, gestation).
Normoblastic anemia
the bone marrow produces red blood cells (RBCs) that are of normal size (normocytic) and contain a normal amount of hemoglobin, but there is a decrease in the overall number of RBCs.
Hemoglobin contains 75% of the entire organism’s iron content in the two storage forms of iron:
ferritin and hemosiderin.
0.1% is contained in respiratory enzymes (cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase, catalase).
3-7% of an organims’s total iron content is contained in muscle in the form of
myoglobin.
0.1% is contained in respiratory enzymes (cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase, catalase).
hypochromic, normoblastic anaemia is also called
Iron deficiency anaemia
A reduced number of mature erythrocytes with a low haemoglobin content.
Iron deficiency anaemia is rare in
adult animals. An iron deficiency in adults is associated with chronic bleeding.
It is typically experienced by newborns whose iron levels are still low after birth and who also receive little iron in the milk.
Iron deficiency anaemia typically occurs in
piglets, infrequently in calves.
Piglets require 300 mg of iron in their first 3 weeks of life. They obtain 1 mg per day from milk and up to 100 mg from the environment. They additionally need at least 200 mg.
Piglets require how mg of iron n their first 3 weeks of life?
300 mg of iron in their first 3 weeks of life.
They obtain 1 mg per day from milk and up to 100 mg from the environment. They need additionally at least 200 mg.
Signs of anemia in piglets:
growth disturbance,
wrinkled pale-blue toned skin,
pale mucous membranes,
drooping ears and tail,
mortality.
Name 3 forms of Iron supplements.
Reduced iron, iron dextran, iron lactate.
Administered through the oral route, or into muscle.
Describe the path of iron in a biological organism.
Trivalent iron in the gut is reduced to a divalent form through the effect of hydrochloric acid and is absorbed from the small intestine.
It becomes trivalent once again in the intestinal mucous membrane.
In the blood it joins with transferrin, is transferred into tissue, is incorporated into apoferritin, is used for the synthesis of hemoglobin and enzymes, is stored in the liver, spleen and bone marrow in the form of ferritin and hemosiderin.
The excess is excreted through kidneys.
Signs of iron overdose are (4)
constipation,
black stool,
tachycardia and
shortness of breath.
