Use of Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards
Simply explain the concept of Antimicrobial resistance
The adaptation of microbes to withstand substances that were previously harmful to them.
possible as a result of selection or adaptation (gene transfer etc.).
Higher risk for resistance development when ABs are used in the following manners: (5)
group therapy,
subtherapeutic doses,
repeated treatment,
wrong dose,
wrong duration of treatment.
What is AMEG?
The Antimicrobial Advice Ad Hoc Expert Group (AMEG) was set up to provide guidance on the the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals, and on the measures to manage the possible risk to humans.
Describe AMEG classification of antibiotics.
Group A - Avoid
Group B - Restrict
Group C - Caution
Group D - Prudence
Rational use of antibiotics, 3 basic rules
- Before starting antibiotic treatment, make sure it constitutes a bacterial infection. Ideally, obtain a sample before starting treatment to determine the agent, the agent’s sensitivity to antibiotics.
- Select one first choice narrow-spectrum antibiotic drug that acts against this specific agent.
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics are typically reserve preparations (used if others are ineffective), may be used in case of mixed infections, may be used in case of infections involving skin and reproductive organs.
First choice AB for streptococci, staphylococci (β-lactamase negative) mastitis?
penicillin
AB choice for streptococci, staphylococci (β-lactamase positive) mastitis?
no treatment - culling
Choice of AB for E.coli mastitis?
(most cases) no AB (fluids, NSAIDs)
AB choice for Hoof infections?
salicylic acid powder, other local treatments, no need for AB treatment in most cases.
AB choice for Metritis:
in acute case penicillin IM.
However, Most reproductive organ infections do not need AB treatment.
AB choice for Calf diarrhea?
First treatment - fluids, charcoal paste, electrolytes, NSAIDs.
In case of E. coli and severity, sulfa/trimethoprim combination preparation, other infections (e.g. cryptosporidium) require their own appropriate treatment (nitazoxanide).
2 day old calf, diarrhea, high temperature. What is the pathogen? Treatment plan?
Probably E.coli
Fluids with electrolytes,
charcoal P.O., NSAIDS for pyrexia.
AB only if super severe
Bacterial bronchitis in cat. What bacteria? Treatment plan?
Bordetella bronchiseptica?
Doxycycline?
Bordetella bronchiseptica in swine. Treatment plan?
Several AB options: trimethoprim+sulfa., tylosin, oxytetracycline.
Staphylococcus pseudointermedius skin infection in dog. Treatment plan?
If superficial: only topical care e.g. betamethasone + fusidic acid.
(Isaderm).
Only if deep and widespread: systemic ABs e.g. penicillins (amoxicillin) and/or cephalosporins.
