Common Neonatal Problems Flashcards by Jandell Agno

common neonatal problems

NI
umbilical infxn
diarrhea
respiratory infxn
joint ill
congenital defect
weak foal syndrome
colic
neonatal maladjustment syndrome

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blood disorder that occurs when the foal’s immune system attacks its own RBCs

neonatal isoerythrolysis

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condition that affects joints of young foals causing pain, swelling, and stiffness

joint ill

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foals may be born weak, which can be due to various causes, including poor nutrition, disease, or genetics

weak foal syndrome

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common digestive problem in horses of all ages, including foals, that can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms

colic

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condition where the foal has neurological problems at birth which prevents it from suckling properly

neonatal maladjustment syndrome/dummy foal

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ABCD

Airway
Breathing
Cardiac function
Drugs

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w/c is more preferred:
room air or 100% O2

room air coz 100% O2 leads to metabolic problems

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used to stimulate breathing

Ambu bag

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if Ambu bag does not work proceed to

mouth-to-nose resuscitation

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drugs that increase inotropic effect, thus, increasing cardiac contractility

E, dopamine

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respiratory stimulant

caffeine

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primary stimulant for initiation of parturition

cortisol

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hx producing abnormal foals:
- __________: high probability of next foal to have one
- __________: antibodies from mare that attach foal cells

neonatal septicemia
NI

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what will happen if twins

1 will be normal, other one will be runt
both fetus may be lost
at least 1 will be lost

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normal vulval conformation

vertical

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vulval conformation of mare w/ pneumovagina

upper part of vagina is tilted

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an operation to close the vagina and rectum of a mare w/ pneumovagina

half twitch operation

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APGAR

Appearance (skin color)
Pulse (HR)
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Attitude (tone)
Respiration

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resuscitation drugs used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of foals

E
lidocaine
bretylium
atropine
CaCl
NaHCO3
MgS4

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<320 days

premature foals (normal: 345 d [310-370d])

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born on normal range but not fully developed due to nutritional problems and infxns

dysmature

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causes of early delivery

infected placenta
foal: congenital defect
stress: colic sx
fescue poisoning: dysmature

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etiologic agent of fescue poisoning
fungus infecting the grass that causes abortion

Acremonium coenophialum

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placenta should not be more than ___% of the weight foal or else it will cause ____________

1. 20% 2. inflammatory rxn or infxn

doing well in the 1st 12 hr then followed by progressive weakness due to lack of O2

respiratoty failure

colostrum should be consumed:

w/in 30 min after birth max: 12-24 hr

pinocytosis of Abs

fetal enterocytes

foal appear healthy when it is born but shortly after exhibits neurologic abnormalities due to respiratory problem

NMS or dummy foal

IV fluids should be

isotonic to prevent metabolic problems

antibiotics for NMS/dummy foal

penicillin neomycin

nephrotoxic antibiotic

neomycin -> monitor kidney fxn

other terms for dummy foal syndrome

NMS HIE (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy) neonatal encephalopathy wanderers barkers

secreted by foal's brain

allopregnalone

physical pressure lasting for 20-40 min during birthing process that stops sedative neurosteroid pdtn and probable cause of autism in humans

wake-up switch

anti-inflam drug used for NMS

banamine

- indicated for small animals for inflam conditions such as joint swelling - prevents free radicals - prevents further brain damage

DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)

drugs to control convulsions

phenobarbitone primidone phenytoin diazepam dexa mannitol

preferred bedding for foals

straw

__________ pressure ventilation in cases of right-to-left shunting of blood due to atelectatic areas of the lungs or PDA

positive

uses a simple rope harness in foal’s abdomen and mimic pressure normally experience in the birth canal; via a knot that you can tighten

Madigan foal squeeze procedure

no meconium in 1st 12 hr and passed from 4-48 hr

meconium impaction

how many months where there is already fecal output in the amnion which can accumulate and if dehydrated, it becomes dry

11-12 months

sign of decreased appetite

swishing tail

indicates discomfort

arched back stance

management of meconium impaction

- phosphate enema - soapy water enema (recommended) - mineral oil - dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate - analgesics (for pain) - sx

- 2nd most common reason for presentation to NMS - most important neonatal disease as it leads to death of foals

neonatal septicemia

foals have ________ HR than adult

higher

normal HR of adult and foal

adult: 28-40 bpm foal: 70 bpm

3 classifications of neonatal septicemia

SIRS (systemic inflammatory response system) MODS (multiple organ system dysfunction) MOFS (multiple organ failure syndrome)

(neonatal septicemia): - still able to mount immune response - increased WBC, increased body temperature

SIRS

(neonatal septicemia): - organ function is reduced - increased GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), increased BUN, and other biochemical markers - temperature dropping

MODS

(neonatal septicemia): - hypothermic foal - severe left shift (WBC: increase in immature neutrophils in proportion to mature ones) - not producing urine - unable to ingest food properly - organs fail to function properly

MOFS

clinical consequences of neonatal septicemia (CHAOS)

Cardiovascular compromise Homeostasis Apoptosis Organ dysfunction Suppression of immune system

primary cause of neonatal septicemia

colostral failure dx develops after a few days

secondary cause of neonatal septicemia

infxn in uterus

normal color of colostrum

yellowish

maternal causes of failure of passive transfer

1. placental lactation - placentitis - twins - premature placental separation 2. poor colostral quality - maiden mares - older mares 3. lactation failure - agalactia - fescue poisoning

foal causes of failure of passive transfer

1. failure to ingest colostrum - weakness - prematurity - musculoskeletal deformity - perinatal asphyxia syndrome 2. failure to absorb colostrum - prematurity - necrotizing enterocolitis

required # of L of good-excellent colostrum

1-2 L w/ honey consistency and >800 mg/dL

most common route of septicemia

gastrointestinal

most common form of sepsis

Gram (-) sepsis

sepsis tx drugs

penicillin amikacin (nephrotoxic) ceftiofur ticarcillin-clavulanic acid

an antibody-mediated (immune-mediated) destruction of foal RBCs

equine blood groups

A C D K P Q U

most commonly associated blood group w/ NI (90%)

Qa and Aa