Communication and linguistics Wk 1

Question 1

What are the 5 key ideas of language development

Answer 1

-predictable
-developmental milestones attained at same ish age in children
-developmental opportunity is needed
-children have developmental changes(periods of change)
-individuals differ greatly

Question 2

Define communication providing examples. What is required for communication to occur?

Answer 2

active multimodal means of exchanging information, feelings, or ideas between participants e.g. speech, gestures, drawing

required:
-communicative competence (appropriate use of language in interaction)
-communicative interaction i.e. receiver (decoder) and sender (encoder)
-involves sending info (encoding), transmitting and comprehending (decoding)

Question 3

Define linguistic. What are it’s features

Answer 3

language based communication that utilises complex codes.
e.g.
-speaking and listening
-writing and reading
-signing

Question 4

Define extralinguistic. What are it’s 3 types.

Answer 4

beyond language based communication.
paralinguistic
non-linguistic
metalinguistic

Question 5

Define paralinguistic communication providing some examples

Answer 5

non-language features used to assist language to communicate e.g.
affect/facial expressions, proxemics, speech rate, gesture, volume, pauses, prosody, posture

Question 6

Define non-linguistic communication providing some examples

Answer 6

uses no language to communicate, other methods e.g.
affect/facial expressions, gesture, posture

Question 7

Define metalinguistic

Answer 7

ability to discuss/analyse a language

Question 8

Provide examples of gestures, affect and posture

Answer 8

gestures: head nods, shrugs
posture: slouched
affect: facial expressions (creased brow, downturn mouth)

Question 9

Define proxemics

Answer 9

distance between speaker and the listener

Question 10

Define prosody

Answer 10

the duration (length/stress), intensity (loudness, amplitude), and frequency (pitch) of speech

Question 11

Use an example to define intonation

Answer 11

rising intonation=question/falling intonation=statement

Question 12

Define language and it’s facts/components. Explain each fact/component

Answer 12

a code or conventional system which uses symbols (phonemes) that carry meaning (symbolic)
-bound by finite rules (socially accepted)
-arbitrary (rules are not based on anything)
-always changing (can be made from existing languages)

Question 13

Define speech. What else does it concern than just oral?

Answer 13

Verbal/oral expression of language utilising sounds (physical act)
-execution requires precise coordination of muscle to make sounds
-also concerns: voice quality, intonation, rate

Question 14

Define articulation

Answer 14

production of speech sounds (phonemes)

Question 15

Define voice

Answer 15

Use of vocal folds (phonation), oral cavity (resonance) and breath support(respiration) to produce sounds

Question 16

Define fluency

Answer 16

rhythm and pauses of speech

Question 17

Define stress

Answer 17

emphasis of specific words/speech sounds

Question 18

What percentage of information carried in communication is via speech

Answer 18

40%

Question 19

Define dialect

Answer 19

subcategories of parent language (bound by similar but not identical rules)

Question 20

What is the language code

Answer 20

sign/symbol: spoken or written word
referent: actual thing/action

symbol does not give info about referent but is the CODE

Question 21

Define literal words

Answer 21

words can sound like the meaning to some extent

Question 22

What are the 3 forms of language? what do they have in common

Answer 22

-oral
-written
-symbolic
all bound by finite rules, are symbolic, and arbitrary

Question 23

Provide examples of oral language

Answer 23

-casual conversation
-exposition
-service encounter
-interview
-story telling
-jokes
-argument/debate
tone should be controlled/requires hearing proficiency

Question 24

Provide examples and areas of fault with written language

Answer 24

-newspapers
-internet
-books
-email
-text messaging
-legalese
-academic paper/journals
cant convey tone so can go wrong in displaying true meaning/require reading proficiency

Question 25

Define orthography

Answer 25

describes the symbols or alphabet letters (graphemes) of written language
no one to one correlation between graphemes and phonemes

Question 26

Provide types of sign language (symbolic?)

Answer 26

AUSLAN, British sign language
Amerslan (ASL)
Key word signing (“makaton”)
have to be directly looking at someone

Question 27

What are the 2 modes of language

Answer 27

receptive: (auditory comprehension) understanding of spoken or written language (comprehension)
expressive: (written/oral) ability to convey meaning/thoughts through production of words and sentences

Question 28

Write a brief summary of components of language (draw tree branches)

Answer 28

form
-syntax
-morphology (morphemes)
-phonology (phonemes)
content
-semantics
use
-pragmatics

Question 29

Define syntax (as part of form). What does it allow for? How are sentences organised?

Answer 29

rules for order and combination of words to create a sentence i.e. how words are sequenced and related in utterances
- allow obtain of precise utterance meanings (rules must be followed)

-sentences organised according to function (subject+verb+object)

Question 30

Define morphology (as part of form)

Answer 30

linguistic rules concern internal struc of words. Govern order/combo of words or smaller units to form other words or sentences

Question 31

Describe morphemes. Types of morphemes?

Answer 31

smallest meaningful unit in/a part of a word
-free: independent/can have meaning alone
-unmoving/bound: grammatical markers that cannot function/makes sense on own
.inflectional morpheme: change tense/indicate noun number
.derivational: change words meaning

Question 32

Define phonology. What is meant by phonetics?

Answer 32

rules governing structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds to form words (language specific)
-phonetics: motor analysis of sound systems of a language

Question 33

Describe phonemes

Answer 33

speech sounds. Smallest linguistic unit of sounds that can signal difference in meaning (d or l, dog vs log)

Question 34

Define semantics. What can it represent?

Answer 34

rules governing meaning of words and word combination i.e. content of utterance.
can rep:
-items:chair
-attributes:pretty
-concepts:thought
-actions:drive

Question 35

What can influence meaning of words

Answer 35

social/cultural differences

Question 36

Describe the areas of conceptional development in children.

Answer 36

size/dimension: big/little/tall/short
direction/position: under/over/near/far
self/social: happy/sad/old/young
quantity: lots/few/full/empty
time/order: first/last/morning/night

Question 37

Define antonyms vs synonyms in relation to semantics

Answer 37

syn: more semantic features shared, more alike they are (synonym)
ant: often have one or more semantic features different

Question 38

Define selection restriction

Answer 38

based on semantic features and prohibit specific word combination because they are meaningless/redundant

Question 39

Define pragmatics providing examples of choices based on context

Answer 39

rules or appropriate language use within a communication context e.g.
-word choice, amount of speech, topic, eye contact, etc due to setting;
-casual convo, exposition, service encounter, interview

Question 40

Define Grice’s maxim of quality, relation, and manner

Answer 40

quality: truthful/based on sufficient evidence
relation: relevant to topic/discussion
manner: clear, brief, orderly as possible/avoid obscurity and ambiguity

Question 41

Provide examples of pragmatic rule breaking

Answer 41

You go to a party and a man bores you by talking at length about Pokemon?

You friend Stacey always exaggerates so you never know when to believe her?

A man at the club gets too close to your face and makes you uncomfortable?

Your Mum always interrupts and talks about something else when you are telling her a story?

Question 42

What is phonation

Answer 42

process of setting vocal folds into vibration producing sound
-study of perception and production of speech sounds