First words, semantic roles and construction WK3

Question 1

Describe what occurs during the illocutionary stage of communication

Answer 1

-8-12mo
-Intentionality developed
-expressed through; Eye gaze, Vocalisations, Gestures, Phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)
-Small range of functions expressed: (To obtain something; proto-imperative)
(To socially share experience: proto-declarative)

Question 2

What type of gestural development is prevalent in 10mo (provide examples)

Answer 2

draw attention/point to objects or events (socially share)
-Show (hold up object)
-Give (give object to someone)
-Point (toward specific object, location, event)

Question 3

What type of gestural development is prevalent in 9-13mo (provide examples)

Answer 3

start to make requests using gestures
-Reaching with open/closed grasping motion
-Putting adult hand on an object
-Pulling said hand towards a desired item or action

Question 4

What type of gestural development occurs from 12-18mo and at 18mo

Answer 4

-12-18mo rarely use gestures and spoken words at same time
-18mo, children begin to combine gestures and words

Question 5

What are functional gestures

Answer 5

depict object through actions demonstrating the objects function (pretend to eat from empty spoon)

Question 6

what are symbolic gestures

Answer 6

appear at same time as first words, and develop in parallel
(putting finger to mouth for “shush” making a thumbs up)

Question 7

what are the two types of gestures-speech combinations

Answer 7

-Reinforcing: convey matching info e.g. Point at dog saying ‘dog’
-Supplemental: convey different info e.g. Put hand out when saying juice

Question 8

Why are gestures useful to new talkers

Answer 8

-Compensates for limitations in articulation/phonology
-Visual rep. of word may free cognitive resources for other tasks
-Toddlers may rely on caregiver gestures for comprehension

Question 9

what is an expression gap

Answer 9

<18 mo, children usually understand more words than they say (reception: expression gap)
-early language development
-Need more exposure to start using not much needed to understand

Question 10

what is the vocabulary spurt?at what age may it occur?

Answer 10

after 100 words acquired=big jump in number of words spoken
-Usually between 12-24mo
-Variability high

Question 11

Summarise the six pragmatic categories (owens intentions) describing purpose of early language development

Answer 11

-Control
-Representational
-Expressive
-Social
-Tutorial
-Procedural

Question 12

What is meant by control intention of first words? provide an example

Answer 12

wanting demands, direct request or command, protest
e.g. Cookies, help (hand object to) , no (push away)

Question 13

What is meant by representational intention of first words? provide an example

Answer 13

content questioning, naming/ labelling, statement/declaring, answering, reply
E.g. Wassat (point), doggie (point), horsie (in response to question)

Question 14

What is meant by expressive intention of first words? provide an example

Answer 14

exclaiming, verbal accompaniment to action, expressing state of attitude
E.g. Squeal when picked up, Uh-oh (with spill)

Question 15

What is meant by social intention of first words? provide an example

Answer 15

greeting/farewell
E.g. Hi, bye bye

Question 16

What is meant by tutorial intention of first words? provide an example

Answer 16

repeating/practicing
E.g. Cookie, cookie, cookie

Question 17

What is meant by procedural intention of first words? provide an example

Answer 17

calling
E.g. Mummy

Question 18

Describe the order in which intentions of first words occurs. What are the attached ages?

Answer 18

-15mo: most utterances representational, expressive, procedural (name/calling predominate)
-21mo: control functions increase and expressive function reduced
-24-36mo: wanting demands, name/ labelling….

Question 19

Describe intonation during first words. State the types of contour with examples.

Answer 19

develops sound patterns for different intentions
-Naming: flat/level contour
-Requesting, attention, curiosity: rising contour
-Surprise, recognition, insistence, greeting: high falling contour
-Playful anticipation: high rising contour

Question 20

What are the types of words acquired first? Explain why. provide some examples

Answer 20

concrete words: here and now in environment
-Important people e.g. Mummy, daddy
-Favourite food e.g. Juice, banana
-Daily routine e.g. Bath, dinner
-Animals e.g. Dog, cow
-Regulatory words e.g. Ta, more, no, up, open
-bias towards objects that change/ move in response to action

Question 21

Describe the semantics of first words and provide some examples

Answer 21

-High frequency words (used by parents with child)
-Mid general words, refer to entities no actual categories or specific types:
-Animals e.g. Dog, not spaniel (specific), not animals (categories
-Toys e.g. Car, not Ute, not toy
-Food e.g. Cheese, not camembert, not food

Question 22

What are extensions? differ between over and under

Answer 22

not fully developed semantic features e.g. cant understand dog+cow different category

Over-extensions: over-extends use of word, cover objects
.from same semantic category e.g. Baby all children, hot for cold, dada for mother
.related by physical features- shape, texture, size e.g. Ball for round objects
.to cover similar sounds e.g. Cloud for clear

Under-extensions
-Uses word to refer to particular person/thing only in particular situation
E.g. Cup used only for a “tommy tippee cup’
-Declines with age

Question 23

What are the 5 grammatical categories of first words in order of predominance? Define

Answer 23

-Nouns: people, animals, objects within environment (predominate)
-Verbs/action words: not always true verbs e.g. Give, do, bye-bye, down
-Modifiers (adjectives/adverbs) e.g. No, dirty
Personal: social/greeting e.g. No, please, hello, goodbye
-Functional: articles, pronouns e.g. This, for, me

Question 24

Why do nouns predominate first words

Answer 24

-perceptually/conceptually distinct e.g. Chair vs car
-Concepts stable-not changing like verbs
-appear frequently in adult-child speech
-More frequent in toy play and in short maternal utterances

Question 25

Define phonological composition. How is it made?

Answer 25

words with sounds that are easiest to produce. Made by the lips with short bursts (stop/plosive sounds)

Question 26

Describe the phonology of first words

Answer 26

-No consonant clusters
-Syllabic construction is usually
* VC (vowel-consonant): up, eat
* CV (consonant-vowel): no, car
* CVCV (same pattern): mama, wawa (water)
* CVCV (different sounds): doggie

Question 27

What are child learning strategies for first words

Answer 27

-use words to refer to things
-Words extendable-don’t refer to only one thing
-Given word refers to whole entity, not parts
-Label can reply to other related thing based on shared features (kitties-tigers, lions)
-New word likely linked to unnamed referent
-Word used consistently, not likely to change

Question 28

Differ between joint attention and action

Answer 28

-Joint attention: infant and person share same direction of eye gaze
-Joint-action: two individuals share action on same object or task

Question 29

What is meant by mutual exclusivity bias

Answer 29

-Presented with new word and new object gaze only at object that is new
-If provided multiple known items and one unknown, they well look at unknown

Question 30

What is meant by cross situational statistical learning

Answer 30

track co-occurrence of a word and potential meaning across diff. contexts/exposures, acquiring knowledge about meaning over time

Question 31

Provide some examples of negative effects on language development

Answer 31

-Neglect and abuse: caretaker failing to meet essential needs for physical, intellectual and emotional development
-Being premature
-Teratogens (alcohol, drugs, tobacco while mother is pregnant)
-Younger mothers
-Poorer economic environment/less educated mother