Toddler talk Wk 4

Question 1

when do children begin combining words? how does it occur?

Answer 1

combine words into longer utterances once around 50 words
-by about 18mo age
-through; Longer memory, Enhanced processing skills

Question 2

What are the universal predictable patterns leading to acquiring two word combinations?

Answer 2

-Transitions to multi-word combinations
-Multi-word combinations
-Pivot schemas
-Item-based constructions

Question 3

Describe frist transition to word combos? i.e. what happens before two word utterances

Answer 3

-Produce sequences of words, sounds, gestures that seem like word combo’s
-Come in variety of forms
-First: 2 element gestural-verbal combo’s e.g. Pointing at car saying ‘go’,
-increase as child approaches production of two word utterances

Question 4

Describe second transition to word combinations, i.e. phonology of extra syllable

Answer 4

-CV syllable will precede or follow a word
-inconsistent phonology of extra syllable, has no referent
-word it accompanies is more consistent e.g. Ma baby, Te baby, Bu baby
-Sometimes phonological forms more consistent-still no referent e.g. Beda cookie, Beda baby, Beda doggie

Question 5

Describe third transition to word combinations

Answer 5

child produces reduplications of single-word utterances e.g. Doggie Doggie

Question 6

Describe word combinations as an examples of multiword utterances

Answer 6

-roughly equivalent words encoding experience and divide into multiple units e.g. Water…hot, bye…wave, drink…cup
-May seem successive single word utterances with pause in between, and a drop in intonation for each. Pause then reduce with time

Question 7

Describe pivot schemas as example of multiword utterances

Answer 7

-Two-word phrase (systematic pattern)
-One word (e.g. Want/more) structures utterance, determines intent (e.g. Demand) ‘‘WANT…”
-Words fill in blank slot. E.g. want biscuit, more juice (not nouns/ verbs)
-Novel words not used creatively to make other constructions
-widespread-productive strategy producing two-word utterances
-consistency between languages e.g. English “no juice” Korean children “juice no”

Question 8

Describe item-based constructions as an example of multiword utterances

Answer 8

-follow subject-verb-object word order rules with specific rule e.g. Daddy (subject) go (verb), Throw (verb) ball (object)
-May contain morphological markers e.g. Baby eat, hug baby, baby’s bed

Question 9

Why do children add morphemes to words

Answer 9

add additional meaning to utterances E.g. Duck-one duck (bird that quacks). Ducks-more than one duck

Question 10

Describe present progressive morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 10

Signals currently occurring but temporary action
-19-28mo
e.g. /ing/ running, jumping

Question 11

Describe prepositions morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 11

indicates location or timing
-27-30mo
e.g. in, on

Question 12

Describe regular plurals morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 12

-More marked plurals eg. two…
-Frequently used plurals eg. socks
-Overgeneralisation eg, foots, mouses
-Regular vs irregular distinction eg. man/men, goose/geese
-Overgeneralisation irregulars e.g. mices
-24-33mo
e.g. s

Question 13

Describe irregular past tense morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 13

learned as whole units
-25-46mo
e.g. feel, went, sat, came

Question 14

Describe possessive morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 14

indicates who an object belongs to
-26-40mo
-s, mummy’s shirt, bee’s honey

Question 15

Describe articles morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 15

• ‘the’-refer to specific/particular nouns e.g. The books=that particular book (definite)
• ‘a/an’ modify non-specific or non-particular nouns e.g. A book=any book (indefinite)
  -28-36mo
  e.g. a, the

Question 16

Describe regular past morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 16

-Overgeneralisation can occur eg, eated, falled
-Phonological realizations:
.after voiced consonant = /d/ eg. hugged,
.after unvoiced = /t/ eg. kicked, walked
.after /t/ or /d/ = /ed/ eg. sighted, ended, patted
-26-48mo
e.g. ed

Question 17

Describe 3rd person singular morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 17

-Added to verbs in present tense and with the pronouns (he, she, it and one). Tense marker
-26-46mo
e.g. s, her walks, she runs

Question 18

Describe 3rd person singular irregular morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 18

-Added to verbs in present tense and with the pronouns (he, she, it and one). Tense marker
-28-50mo
-she does talk, she goes there

Question 19

Describe copula morpheme (Uncontractible and contractible) What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 19

Linking verb (not doing)
-Uncontractible: she is pretty, the dog’s are lazy
-Contractible: she’s pretty, they’re lazy
-uncon: 27-40mo con: 4yrs
e.g. is, are, were, be

Question 20

Describe auxiliary morpheme. What is the age range? Provide an example

Answer 20

Helping verb, added to another, to indicate tense or when it is happening
-Uncontractible: she is singing, he is eating
-Contractible: she’s singing, he’s eating
-uncon: 29-48mo con: 4yr
e.g. is, are, be, were, am

Question 21

Define MLU-how is it calculated

Answer 21

collect 100 utterances spoken by child and divide number of morphemes by number of utterances
e.g. The man is running= 5 morphemes

Question 22

Describe stage 1 of browns linguistic stages (MLU, age, morphemes acquired)

Answer 22

-MLU: 1-2-mostly single word utterances expand to 2 word utterances in form of semantic relations
-12-26mo
-free morphemes (naming significant objects, persons, events), semantic relations

Question 23

Describe stage 2 of browns linguistic stages (MLU, age, morphemes acquired)

Answer 23

MLU: 2-2.5-morphemes appear
Age: 27-30mo
-present progressive /ing/, prepositions /in/on/, plurals /s/

Question 24

Describe stage 3 of browns linguistic stages (MLU, age, morphemes acquired)

Answer 24

MLU: 2.5-3
Age:31-34mo
-irregular past tense /fell/, possessive /s/, Uncontractible copula (she is funny)

Question 25

Describe stage 4 of browns linguistic stages (MLU, age, morphemes acquired)

Answer 25

MLU: 3-4
Age: 35-40mo
-articles /a/the/an/, regular past tense /ed/, third person present singular /s/

Question 26

Describe stage 5+ of browns linguistic stages (MLU, age, morphemes acquired)

Answer 26

MLU: 3.75-4.5
Age:41-46mo
-Uncontractible auxiliary, contractible copula, contractible auxiliary