Communities & Ecosystems Flashcards by Stephanie Rivas

What does community mean?

All populations of organisms living close enough for interaction

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Niche meaning ?
Examples of niche:

Role in community

Habitat, Activity patterns, Resources it obtains from the environment, Interactions with other species

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niches _ , populations _

Overlap
Interact

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What does symbiosis mean?

2 different organisms interacting

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Some example of symbiosis?

Competition, Mutualism, Predation, Herbivory, Parasites/pathogens, Commensalism

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Another word for symbiosis?

Interactions

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Two possible outcomes of competition:
Competition _
_ _

Exclusion
Resource
Partitioning

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Mutualism:

Both species benefit

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Which of the six symbiosis benefits both?
Which benefits none?

While all other symbiosis _ benefits _ _

Mutualism
Competition

Only
One
species

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Prey have _ & _ for _ predation
While predators have _ _ to _ _ predation

Physical
Behavioral

Predator
adaptions
Enhance / aid

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Herbivory meaning?
Benefits _ ; _ plant

Consumption of plant (by animal)
Benefits herbivore (primary consumer); harms plant

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_: _ agents
_ : _ in or _ host
_ harm _

Pathogen
Infectious

Parasites
Live
On

Both
Harm

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Parasites/pathogens have evolved strategies for success:like:

Toxoplasma gondii
Lancet fluke
Cholera bacterium

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Match Parasites/pathogens strategies for success:

_ _ induces _ behavior
_ _ induces _ behavior
_ _ causes _

Toxoplasma gondii ; fearless
Lanced fluke; risky
Cholera bacterium; diarrhea

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Commensalism is:

One species benefit; other species not affected

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Oxpeckers land on zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. This is an example of:
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Commensalism

Mutualism

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Why don’t predators evolve to become so good at catching prey that prey are driven to extinction?
(Hint: think about who has a greater need for success in a particular hunt)

Prey have to be more successful, extinct if not

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To promote community you need to promote
_ & _

Species diversity
Kufi: keystone, umbrella,flagship,indicator species

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How does species diversity promote community?

Helps withstand circumstances like diseases
(Less susceptible to pathogens)

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Fuki: is:

Keystone

Umbrella

Flagship

Indicator

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You need to avoid _ _ to promote community
They are _ _
For example: _ 12 _ rabbits released in _ for game, by _ several million rabbits, now around _million

Invasive
Species
Foreign
Species

1859
European
Australia
1900
200

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Ecosystem means:

All living organisms in community plus abiotic environment (chemical resources & physical conditions)

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Biomes:

Large ecosystems

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There are _ aquatic biomes determined by _, _, _ _

There are _ terrestrial biomes determined by _ & _

Study These Flashcards

5
Salinity (saltiness)
Depth (deepness)
Water movement (now water moves through it)

9
Temperature
Precipitation (rain snow; things that fall to the ground)

Examples of aquatic biomes: Examples of terrestrial biomes:

Lake, ponds, rivers, streams, estuaries, wetlands, open oceans, coral reefs Tropical/coniferous/ temperate deciduous Forest, Savannah, polar-ice, tundra, grassland, dessert

The sun shines most directly on earth’s _ , leading to _ temperatures at _ latitudes Temperature and precipitation are affected by earth’s _

Equator Lower Curvature

Formation of rain: 1. Air is heated, so _ 2. _ air _ (as getting _ from _ earth) 3. _ air _ _ ( _ form & _ _)

Rises Rising Cools Cooling Loses Moisture Clouds Rain Falls

Formation of deserts: Warm air _ _ from earth’s _ & becomes _ _ air falls towards earth _ & becomes _ Air moves _ earths _ , becomes _. So holds more _

Rises Away Surface Cooler Cool Surface Warmer Down Surface Water Moisture

Tundra is a biome found in the arctic region (near the north pole). What do you predict temperature and precipitation to be in this biome? High temperature high precipitation High temperature low precipitation Low temperature high precipitation Low temperature low precipitation

Low temperature low precipitation

Beaches on _ _ of the us. Have _ water than _ _ beaches at same _

East Coast Warmer West Coast Latitudes

Energy flow mean: Chemical cycling mean:

Passage of energy through ecosystem Transfer of materials within ecosystem

Energy flow begins with _ Earth receives _ kcal _ _ per day _ % converted to _ _ by _ :called:_ _

Sun 10 Solar 1 Chemical Energy Photosynthesis Primary Production

phytoplankton is a _ _ Zooplankton is a_ _

Primary Producer Primary Constants

_ Tropic levels: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5 Quaternary consumers Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Primary producers

_ energy converted to _ _ by _ & passes through _ _

Sun Chemical Energy Photosynthesis Trophic Levels

Zooplankton are _ Phytoplankton are _

Small animals Photosynthetic bacteria & protists

keystone:

Largely impact community; Thus removal cause lost of many other (species)

Umbrella:

Selected for conservation decisions, protect umbrella species; indirectly protects others

Flagship:

Ambassador for cause, conservation of flagship species; benefits others

Indicator:

Serves as measure of environment conditions existing in given location

There are other Consumers not seen in tropic level; these consumers derive _ from _ ; aka; _ _ _ : _ _ _ : _ _ _ : _ & _

Energy Detritus Dead Material Scavengers Large Animals Detritivores Small Animals Decomposers Fungi Prokaryotes

Bottom-up v top-down Is _ of populations; difference is:

Control Bottom up : bottom in control Top down : top in control

Food _ are a better representation than food _ ; _ can occupy more than one _

Webs Chain Organisms Position

Roughly how much energy in _ is transfer throughout trophies levels?

Biomass 10%

Where does the rest of energy in biomass go?

Atmosphere Lost in environment as heat Rest used for live grow reproduce

It takes _ lb of grain to make _ lb of beef Meat consumption: India: _ lb/person/yr US: _ lb/person/yr

10 1 11 275

Human vegetarians are _ consumers While human meat eaters are _ consumers Cattle’s are _ consumers

Primary Secondary Primary

What is abiotic reservoir ?

The part of an ecosystem where a chemical, (like carbon) accumulates/stockpiled outside of living organisms

If abiotic reservoir is _ : _ cycle: consist of: 1: 2: 3: If abiotic reservoir is _ : _ cycle: also: 4:

Atmosphere Global Water Carbon Nitrogen Rock Local Phosphorus

Water cycle consist of:

- global - Evaporation; condensation;precipitation; runoff - Human activities that alter cycle: agriculture , dams, deforestation

Carbon cycle consist of:

- global - Balanced due to photosynthesis & respiration - Human activities throwing of balance : fossil fuels & deforestation

Nitrogen cycle consist of:

- global - Most fixed from atmosphere by bacteria for assimilation - Human affect cycle: fertilizers & feedlot runoff alter nitrate location

Phosphorus cycle consist of:

- local - Phosphate broken row on, assimilated, decomposer recycle - Human affect the cycle: fertilizers & feedlot runoff alter phosphorus location

Keywords of abiotic reservoir : cycles : Water: Carbon: Nitrogen: Phosphorus:

W: evaporation, precipitation, condensation; agriculture, dams, deforestation C: balanced; photosynthesis, respiration; fossil fuel’s & deforestation N: atmosphere, bacteria; fertilizers, nitrate location P: local, broken down, decomposers recycle; fertilizers, phosphorus location

Eutrophication means: Key details (2):

Excess nitrogen & phosphorus increase growth of algae & Cyanobacteria • Microbes consume oxygen • Decreases species diversity

Why would the extinction of the sea otter have been so detrimental?

Extinction: they protect kelp and get food from them, indirectly protecting kelp beds

Why should you avoid washing your car in your driveway?

goes to gutter into ocean damaging balance of life

There is a “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico bigger than the size of Connecticut, in which little life survives and local fisheries are ruined. What could have caused this?

a lot of agriculture near mission river causing pollution (fertilizer, poop)

Communities & Ecosystems Flashcards

(58 cards)