Population Ecology

Question 1

What is Ecology?

Answer 1

Study of interactions between organisms & their environments

Question 2

At what levels can ecology be studied?

                                    (hint:4 levels)

Answer 2

Individuals
Population
Communities
Ecosystems

Question 3

Population:

Answer 3

Group of Same species living in an area

Question 4

What makes a population ?

Answer 4

• They rely on the same species
• Influenced by same factors
• Breed with one another

Question 5

Population Biology meaning:

Answer 5

Study of populations characteristics & factors that affect their size & distribution

Question 6

Populations are affected by: ( hint:6 )

Answer 6

• Habitat
• migratory patterns
• Range & density
• demographics ( birth & death rates, sex ratio )
• life history traits
• Group dynamics

Question 7

Animals that have migratory patterns:

Answer 7

Monarch butterfly
Wildebeest
Humpback whales
Salmon

Question 8

Arctic tern is:

Answer 8

Migrate yearly from pole to pole and back again

Question 9

Habitats:examples:

Answer 9

Dessert
forest farm
Wetlands
Oceans
Polar
Tropical rainforest
Domestic
Farm
Savannah

Question 10

Demographics: examples:

Answer 10

Birth rates
Death rates
Sex ratio
Age distribution

Question 11

Life history traits:examples:

Answer 11

of generations per yr.

Rate & timing of reproduction
Development rate
Survival

Question 12

Group dynamics meaning:

Answer 12

Interactions within populations

Question 13

Which of the following includes characteristics of organisms that have a high hazard factor?
a.large species, less stable environments, mature quickly, produce limited offspring, short life spans
b.small organisms, quick maturation, reproduce quickly, many offspring
c.large species, more stable environments, mature slowly, produce few offspring, live long lives
d.small organisms, mature slowly, reproduce quickly, few offspring

Answer 13

b.small organisms, quick maturation, reproduce quickly, many offspring

Question 14

Porcupine v. guinea pig:
Which do you think reproduces sooner, and why?

Answer 14

Guinea pig because small and high hazard animal

Question 15

Survivorship curves: (3 types of error)

Answer 15

Type l: High survivorship until old age, then rapidly decreasing survivorship

Type ll: Survivorship decreases at a steady, regular pace

Type lll: High mortality early in life, but those that survive the early years live long lives

Question 16

Most populations are _ _
Density dependent fluctuations maybe due to:
_ factors which are _
_ factors which are _

Answer 16

Not stable
Abiotic: non living : food, water
Biotic: living: predation competition

Question 17

If a population is not _ , males and females make an average of _ _

Answer 17

Growing
2
Offspring

Question 18

G=
R=
N=
K=

Exponential growth rate formula:

Per capita rate of increase: Population growth formula:

logistic growth formula:

Answer 18

G: population growth rate
R: per capita rate increase
N: population size
K: carrying capacity

g= r * n

R= births-deaths

g= rn (k-n)/k

Question 19

Logistic growth occurs due to :

Answer 19

Density dependent limits exponential growth

Question 20

Some populations oscillate, meaning:

Answer 20

Waver swing ↑↓↑↓
Fast increase, and then migrate and die

Question 21

Away to increase/ protect population is:

Answer 21

Conservation
Like California condor 1987: from 22 to 405

Question 22

Goal of population growth monitoring job: sustainable resource management: _ _ _

Answer 22

determine “maximum sustainable yield”

Question 23

Maximum sustainable yield is:
formula is:
And means it is growing at it’s _ _

Answer 23

When the maximum number of individual are being added ‘ to a population/When a population is halfway to the carrying capacity

K/2
fastest rate

Question 24

What caused an exponential increase to the human population?
How long ago?

Was there another time?
What caused it?

Answer 24

Industrial Revolution
250 yrs ago

6,000 yrs ago
Agriculture, domestication

Question 25

What is the current human population? What was it in 8,000 B.C.

Answer 25

7.8 billion 5 million

Question 26

We have an unknown carrying capacity, why ?

Answer 26

Expand into new habitats Increasing agriculture productivity of the land Finding ways to live at higher densities (minimizing waste , diseases)

Question 27

When did growth rate peak?

Answer 27

1962

Question 28

What holds down birth rate in developed nations? When does UN estimate the population will stabilize? by when?

Answer 28

1962 11 billion By 2100

Question 29

Developed countries have _ birth rates but _ death rates than less developed countries

Answer 29

Lower Higher

Question 30

Industrialized countries: rectangular:because: _ birth rates & _ death rates in _ individuals Developing countries: triangular: because: _ birth rates & _ death rates in _ individuals

Answer 30

Low Low High High

Question 31

Rises in births from _ to _ In _ baby boomers In _ elderly Medicare social security

Answer 31

1945-1965 2005 2030

Question 32

A primary difference between the age pyramids of industrialized and developing countries is that: a.Mean longevity is significantly greater in developing countries b.In developing countries, much larger proportions of the population are in the youngest age groups c.Developing countries show a characteristic bulge that indicates a baby boom d.In developing countries, females live significantly longer than males, whereas in industrialized countries the reverse is true

Answer 32

b.In developing countries, much larger proportions of the population are in the youngest age groups

Question 33

At what size of a population can we sustainably harvest it?

Answer 33

Half of carrying capacity (K)