Exam 5 Flashcards by Stephanie Rivas

Extradorinary attributes of Plants

Longevity: bristelcone pine; 4,848 yrs old
Height: redwood 380.1ft
Weight: Giant sequoia; 1,910 tons
Energy: produce 176 billion tons of carb. Per yr

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What are plants?

Create Own food. ; cell walls made of cellulose
Multicellular ; Photoautrophic
Don’t move ; Live typically on land
Have tissues & organs (roots, stems, leaves)

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What move upwards from roots to stems to leaves?

Water & minerals

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What flows bothways between shoots & roots

Sugar

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_ Macronutrients; _% of plant weight
_ Micronutrients; _% of plant weight

9 Macro; 99.7%
9 micro; .3%

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Nitrogen (N) 1.5%

Component of nucleic acids,
proteins, and chlorophyll

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Potassium (k)

1.0%

Helps regulate opening
and closing of stomata

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Calcium (Ca)
0.5% Important to formation of cell walls; helps maintain
membranes

0.5%
Important to formation of cell walls; helps maintain
membranes

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Magnesium (Mg)

0.2%
Component of chlorophyll

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Phosphorus (P)

0.2% Component of nucleic acids,
Phospholipids & ATP

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Sulfur

.1%
Component of proteins

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Iron (Fe)

Component of proteins
in electron transport chains (etc)

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Nickel (Ni)

The only element not also required
by humans

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Sodium (Na)

Only required by some plants

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What macronutrients are inall organic compounds?

COH:
Carbon (45%)
Oxygen (45%)
Hydrogen (6%)

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Shoot system includes:
Root system includes:

Leaves, stems

Roots

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Function of:
Leaves:
Stems:
Roots:

L: photosynthetic
S: supports, position, conduct (management)
R: absorb, anchor

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Monocots vs. Eudicots

Monocots: Eudicots:
1 cotyledon 2 cotyledon
Parallel veins branching veins
(VT) arranged randomly (VT) arranged orderly ring
Scattered bundles
In 3’s flower parts In 4 or 5’s flower parts
Fibrous roots taproot

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Eu:
Dicot:

Eu: true
Dicot: 2 seed leaves

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3 tissue system of plant body:

Dermal: outer protective covering
vascular: xylem (water) & phloem (sugar)
ground: all other tissue, metabolic

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Xylem conducts _ and dissolved _ absorbed by the _ to _ throughout the plant

Goes _

Water
Minerals
Roots
Tissues

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Phloem conducts _ produced by _ in the _ to _ throughout the plant

goes _ and has _ tube

Sugar
Photosynthesis
Leaves
Tissues

Down
Sieve

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What do roots do?

Absorb water minerals oxygen
Secure plant in place
Convert sugar to starch for storage

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Root structure:

Dermal: epidermis absorbs water
Ground: cortex stores starch & minerals
Vascular: cylinder contains xylem & phloem

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Composition of soil:

Minerals: 50% Water & air: 45-50% Organic materials: 1-5%

Legume family roots have _ _ for _ _ crops with legumes increase soil _

Bacterial Nodules Rotating Nitrogen

Roots have _ relationship with _ By: _ using _ while providing _, _, _

Mutualistic Fungi Sugar phosphate nitrogen growth factors

What do stems do:

Leaf positioning, structural support,distribution

Stem structure:

Dermal: protection Vascular: Xylem & phloem Ground: stores starch

Xylem sap moves _ Steps: _ , _ , _

Up Transpiration Cohesion / adhesion Root water uptake

Phloem transports _ , _ , _ , _ to a _ cell

Sucrose Ions Hormones Amino acids Sink

Leaves are always:

Thin

Leaf structure:

Dermal: epidermis with stomata for gas exchange Vascular: photosynthetic Ground: Xylem & phloem

Leaf structure: 1-5 :

1: waxy cuticle 2: non-photosynthetic epidermal cells 3: photosynthetic cells 4: vascular tissue 5: non-photosynthetic epidermal cells & stomata ( epidermal & guard cells , stomata )

For each of the following structures in your body, name the most analogous plant tissue system: a.Circulatory system b.Skin c.Body fat

a: vascular (xylem & phloem) b: dermal c: ground

Plant defenses: Anatomical: Sticky: Chemical:

A: thorns, spines, hair, bark S: pitch C: induce physiological & behavioral changes ( THC , methyl jasmonate )

Asexual reproduction:

No genetic variation Most plants have option Quick energetically efficient preserves alleles

Sexual Reproduction:

Genetic variation Important in agriculture

Sexual reproduction: seedless plants: process:

Make haploid spores >> spores grow & make gametes >> male/female gametes join by water/wind

Sexual reproduction: gymnosperms: process:

Make male/female cones with gametes >> gametes joined by wind

Sexual reproduction: angiosperm: process:

Contains male/female gametes >> fertilized by animal & wind >> ovary matures to fruit for seed dispersal

Carpel/ pistil: Stamen:

C: Stigma style ovary S: anther filament

Colorful structures:

Sepals – protect flower bud Petals – colorful for pollinators

Filament: Anther: stigma: Style: Ovary:

F: stalk A: houses pollen (sperm) Sa: sticky top for pollen S: neck O: ovules containing egg cells and supporting cells

Most expensive spice _ comes from _ of _ flower

Saffron Stigma Crocus

Angiosperm pollination by _ , _ , _ Some examples of _ are _

Wind Water Animals ( bats, birds, insects ( bees, butterflies, flies ) )

Most of Angiosperm pollination is from _ then _ then _ then _ Least from _

Bees Birds Butterflies/moths Wind Water

Which of the following is the proper sequence of events when a flowering plant reproduces? a.Fertilization; meiosis; nuclear fusion; endosperm b.Growth of pollen tube; pollination; germination; fertilization c.Meiosis; pollination; fertilization; embryo d.Meiosis; fertilization; growth of pollen tube; germination e.Mitosis; embryo; pollination; seed development

c.Meiosis; pollination; fertilization; embryo

Seed germination occurs and growth begins when the_ ,_ , _ conditions for life are just right.

water temperature oxygen

Types of plant growth: Primary: _ from _ _ Secondary: _ from _ _

Lengthens ↑↓ Apical Meristems Strengthens ← → Lateral Meristems

Apical meristems: is :

Shoot & root meristems

Primary growth: _meristems divide by _ Found in _ & _ Dormant meristems can become _

Mitosis Roots shoots Branches

Secondary growth: Increases _ & _ cells in _ _ meristems 1. _ cambium adds to _ & _ 2. _ cambium provides _ _

width Divides 2 lateral Vascular xylem phloem Cork protective exterior

_ cambium is more _ than _ cambium

Vascular Inside/ interior Cork

Vascular cambium makes large _ cells spring _ fall

Xylem Small

Tree rings tells _ _

Tree age

Many animals _ bark _ tree

Damage Threatening

Why are most of the plants on earth today angiosperms?

Mechanism Lots of mechanism pollination Double fertilization (efficient) Ovary to fruit

For secondary growth: You can add _ tissue on either side of _ cambium Epidermis _ & _ cambium, _ cork

Vascular Vascular Shed Cork More

Secondary Xylem: is _ & _ _ is the the most _ then

Heartwood Sapwood Heartwood Sapwood

Trunk structure:

(Deepest to less) Secondary xylem: Heartwood Sapwood Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Cork cambium Cork Bark

Exam 5 Flashcards

(61 cards)