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Community Dental Health Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What is a Random Sample

A

each element in the population has a ~equal chance of appearing~ reduces the chance of bias

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2
Q

What is a Stratified Sample

A

selecting an element according to certain subgroups to diminish the chance of sample fluctuation
Ex: dividing people by ages (1-10, 11-20, 21-30) then selecting a sample from each subgroup

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3
Q

What is a Systematic Sample

A

selecting every “nth” to participate

Ex: every 7th, or every 4th..

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4
Q

What is a Judgment Sample

A

someone who knows the population selects the sample; familiarity with the population (BIAS)
~needs specific type of people to fit the requirement for the survey

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5
Q

What is a Convenience Sample

A 
group is chosen because it happens to be convenient; may represent the population; ease for evaluator
ex: interviewing those who are in a class that given day
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6
Q

What is a Variable

A

what is being measured or observed

Ex: the toothbrushing techniques of a group

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7
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

the outcome of interest; should change in response to intervention
~depends on the independent

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8
Q

What is an independent variable

A

the intervention; what is being manipulated

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9
Q

What is a data matrix?

A

a table showing scores from lowest to highest

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10
Q

what is frequency disstribution

A

tabulating how often each score occurs

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11
Q

What is a skew

A

symmetry of the curve

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12
Q

What is a positive skew?

A

more scores are in the lower range

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13
Q

What is a negative skew?

A

more scores are in the higher range

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14
Q

What is a normal curve/bell curve

A

scores are equally distributed around the mean; mean, median and mode all have the same value

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15
Q

What are measures of central Tendency

A

different ways to define the center or middle of a distribution (mean, median, mode)

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16
Q

What is mean

A

average number of score; add all scores and divide by number of scores (most common measure of central tendency

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17
Q

What is median

A

numbers from lowest to greatest and then the one in the middle

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18
Q

What is mode

A

score that occurs with greatest frequency (peak of curve when plotted out)

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19
Q

What are measures of dispersion

A

describes how wide the scores arae around a central point (range, standard deviation)

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20
Q

range

A

difference between the high and low score (affected by extremely high or low scores)

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21
Q

What is standard deviation

A

most commonly used method of dispersion in research; the larger the number representing the standard deviation, the wider the distribution curve (smaller deviation: more narrow, larger deviation: more wide)

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22
Q

What is validity

A

the degree to which a data collection instrument measures the variable it is designed to measure; does the test really measure what it claims to be measuring?

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23
Q

What is reliability?

A

the extent to which the method of measurement performs consistently (thing consistently reliable like a pet)

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24
Q

what is an intraexaminer

A

Consistent performance bye the same investigator when using a data collection instrument (1 examiner)

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25
What is an interexaminer
Consistent performance by different investigators when using the same data collection instrument (2+ examiners)
26
What is sensitivity
The ability of a test to correctly identify the ~Presence~ of a disease
27
What is specificity
The ability of a test to correctly identify the ~absence~ of a disease
28
what is the t-test
used when comparing the statistical difference between two mean scores
29
What is ANOVA (Analysis of Varieance)
used when comparing the statistical difference between three or more mean scores
30
What is p-value (probability Value)
used when testing hypothesis
31
What is a primary preventative service
techniques and agents to reverse progress/forestall onset of disease BEFORE TREATMENT becomes necessary ex: Mechanical and chemical plaque control, fluoride, nutritional conseling
32
What is a secondary preventative service
routine treatment methods to terminate a disease and RESTORE tissues to as normal as possible Ex: periodontal debridement, restorations
33
What is a tertiary preventative service
involves using measures necessary to REPLACE lost tissue and rehabilitate patients Ex: implants
34
What is an epidemic
an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population at a particular time and place
35
What is an endemic
a disease that occurs regularly in a population as a mater of course
36
What is a pandemic
an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent
37
What is incidence
the number of NEW cases in a population at risk during a particular period of time; conveys information bout the risk of contracting a disease
38
What is prevalence
the number of NEW AND OLD cases of a disease in a population in a given period of time; tells how widespread the disease is
39
what are indices
an expression of clinical observations in numeric value
40
what are the categories of indices
Reversible, Irreversible, Simple, Cumulative
41
What is a reversible indices
measures conditions that can be reversed or resolved
42
What is a Irreversible indices
measures cumulative conditions that cannot be reversed
43
What are simple indices
measures the presence or absence of a condiditon
44
What are cumulative indices
measures all the evidence of a condition, past and present
45
what is CAMBRA
Carries Managagement by risk assessment
46
key to identifying adult or child indices
adult=capitalized child=lowercase
47
what is DMFT/DMFS
Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth/ Decayed, Missing, Filled Surfaces - irreversible - used to measure PAST AND PRESENT CARIES EXPERIENCE of a population with PERMANENT teeth
48
what is deft
decayed, need for extraction, filled teeth - irreversible - measures observable caries experience in PRIMARY teeth - does not take into account teeth that have been extracted or exfoliated due to past caries experience
49
what is dft/dfs
decayed, filled teeth/ decayed, filled surfaces - irreversible - used to measure observable caries experience in PRIMARY teeth
50
RCI
Root Caries Index - Irreversible - attempts to assess the extent of root caries experience within the context of individuals at risk for the disease - only takes into consideration areas of ROOT EXPOSURE
51
What are the dental caries indices
DMFT/DMFS, deft, dft/dfs, RCI
52
what are the gingivitis indices
GI, SBI
53
GI
Gingival Index - reversible - based on severity of inflammation and location - can be used to determine prevalence and severity of gingivitis in cohort groups as well as in individual dentitions
54
SBI
Sulcular Bleeding Index - reversible - designed to detect early symptoms of gingivitis - useful in short-term clinical trials
55
What are the periodontal Indices
PDI, PI, PSR, CPITN
56
PDI
Peridontal Disease Index (Ramfjord) - irreversible - measures the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease - measures the reversible (gingival) and irreversible (attachment loss) of periodontal disease
57
PI
The Periodontal Disease (Russell) - irreversible - each tooth is scored according to the condition of the surrounding tissue - does NOT measure loss of attachment - question of validity
58
PSR
Periodontal Screening and Recording - assesses the state of periodontal health in a rapid and effective manner - Preliminary screening to determine need for full mouth periodontal assessment - requires use of special probe
59
CPITN
The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs - established by world health organization to determine periodontal treatment NEEDS rather than periodontal status - requires use of special probe
60
What are the Oral Hygiene Indices
OHI-S, PlI, PHP, VMI
61
OHI-S
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index - reversible - used to measure oral hygiene status - involved both a debris and calculus index
62
PlI
Plaque Index - Reversible - Measures difference in thickness of soft deposits at gingival margin - used in conjunction with GI -Gingival Index
63
PHP
Patient Hygiene Performance - Reversible - Assesses individual's performance in removing debris after toothbrushing instructions
64
VMI
Volpe-Manhold Index - reversible - used to test agents for plaque control and calculus inhibition - scores supragingival calculus following prophylaxis
65
Examination method type I
Complete examination - includes mouth mirror and explorer, lighting, thorough radiographys, study models, tests as needed
66
Examination method type II
Limited examination - includes mouth irror and explorer, lighting, posterior bitewings and selected periapical radiographs
67
Examination method type III
inspection - Mouth mirror, lighting
68
Examination method type IV
screening - Tongue depressor, lighting
69
What is a goal?
broad based statement of what changes will occur as a result of the program
70
What is an objective.
specific statement that describes, in a measurable manner, the desired result of the program; based on need of target population; can be considered steps to achieve the program goals
71
What is a Habit
The patient begins to experiencce gratification and self-satisfaction; behavior is modified
72
What is Action
The patient tests new concepts; acts based on a perceived need
73
What is Invlolvement
Old ideas are discarded for new ones in an effort to change; motivate to act
74
Self-interest
Patient personalizes information
75
Awareness
Correct information is obtained but it still lacks personal meaning
76
Unawareness
The patient has incomplete or inaccurate information
77
What are the stages of learning
- Habit - - Action - -- Involvement - --- Self-interest - ---- Awareness - ----- Unawareness
78
What is a Summative evalution
outcome evaluation - after the program; examining the processes or activities of a program after they have taken place; measures impact of program
79
What is a Formative Evaluation
during the program; examining the processes or activities of the program as they are taking place

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