COMPARING APPROACHES Flashcards
(47 cards)
State the 5 psychological approaches
- psychodynamic
- behavioural
- cognitive
- biological
- humanistic
Outline the main ideas of the psychodynamic approach
- propose by Freud
- behaviour caused by childhood trauma/conflicts being repressed and not dealt with
- defence mechanisms are created due to unconscious conflicts between the id and ego
Outline the main ideas of the behaviourist approach
- (BEHAVIOURIST) we learn by association (classical) and to avoid negative consequences (operant conditioning)
- (SOCIAL LEARNING) we observe others (role models), imitate and learn through them (vicariously)
Outline the main ideas of the cognitive approach
- irrational though processes lead to negative schemas about world, self, future
- scientific study of mental processes is possible, but inferences must be made based on observable behaviour
- mental processes and brain are separate
Outline the main ideas of the biological approach
- all thought and cognitive processes originate due to biological reasons
- inherited genes
- chemical imbalances
- brain trauma can cause behaviour/problems
Outline the humanistic approach
- we all have free will and can ignore internal/eternal factors to make our own choices/behaviours
- we can move through (Maslow’s) hierarchy of needs to reach self-actualisation
- humans should be viewed as whole, not reduced
How many marks for
AO1
AO3 in a 16 marker
AO1 = 6 marks
AO3 = 10 marks
What is used to compare approaches on
SARDINE
- scientific?
- application?
- reductionism VS holism
- deterministic VS free will
- idiographic VS nomothetic
- nature VS nurture
- extrapolation?
Which 2 approaches are the most scientific
- outline why
BIOLOGICAL - brain scans, measurements mean tests are objective, systematic and replicable
BEHAVIOURIST - observable behaviour examined
- studies are systematic and replicable
Which 2 approaches are the least scientific
- outline why
PSYCHODYNAMIC - main ideas (e.g. unconscious) cannot be empirically tested
- potentially a pseudoscience
HUMANISTIC - does not test as humans are believed to be unique/looked at as a whole
How has the biological approach been applied in real life
- evaluate
DRUG THERAPY
- easily accessible
- cheap
- quick
- don’t always work
How has the behaviourist approach been applied in real life
EXPOSURE THERAPY (phobias)
- effective
- potential ethical issues
TOKEN ECONOMY SYSTEMS
How has the social learning theory been applied in real life
PEER MENTORING
How has the psychodynamic approach been applied in real life
- evaluate
PSYCHOANALYSIS (dreams)
- effective mental health treatment
- not helpful for all e.g. schizophrenia means individual cannot differentiate between dreams and reality
How has the humanistic approach been applied in real life
- evaluate
CLIENT-CENTRED THERAPY
- effective treatment for mental health
- not very accessible
- not suitable for more severe problems
How has the cognitive approach been applied in real life
- evaluate
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERPAY
- common in the UK
- effective for mental health problems e.g. depression
- not very accessible
- which approach has the preferred application and why
- which approach has the less preferred application and why
BIOLOGICAL - drug therapy
- easily accessed e.g. through GPs
- easy to take e.g. tablets
- cheap
PSYCHODYNAMIC - psychoanalysis
- expensive, not on NHS
- intensive/takes a long time to be effective
- which approaches are reductionist
- which approaches are holistic
REDUCTIONIST
-biological -behaviourist -social learning -cognitive
HOLISTIC
-humanistic -psychodynamic
How is the biological approach reductionist
BIOLOGICAL REDUCTIONISM
- all behaviour due to genes
How is the behaviourist approach reductionist
- experiments focus on stimulus-response design
- all behaviour due to stimuli/external
How is the social learning theory reductionist
- believes all behaviour explained by conditioning, vicarious reinforcement
How is the cognitive approach reductionist
MACHINE REDUCTIONISM
- isolates specific processes, whereas IRL, multiple would be used
- uses schemas to explain all behaviour
How is the psychodynamic approach holistic
- believes all elements of a person should be taken into account
How is the humanistic approach holistic
- against reducing behaviour to single elements
- looks at people as wholes
