Competition and Cooperation Flashcards
What is competition?
Process when rewards are given for how performance compares to others
What is cooperation?
Process when performance is rewarded in terms of collective achievement when working together to reach a particular goal
What are the stages of the competition process?
Stage 1: Performance is compared with some standard of excellence with at least two people aware
Stage 2: Subjective competition is how the person perceives the objective competition
Stage 3: If the decision is to not compete response stop there. A response to compete can occur at behavioral, physiological or psychological level
Stage 4: Consequences results from comparing
-positive or negative
-athletes perception is more important then objective outcome
What are psychological studies of competition/cooperation?
Triplett’s cyclists: faster in competition then against the clock
Deutsch’s puzzle: competition-group students were self centered, directed efforts at beating other had closed communication and exhibited group conflict and distrust
cooperation-group communicated openly, shared info, developed friends, solved more puzzles
What are implications?
Cooperation increased group harmony and productivity
Coaching perspective
Cooperation-helped others train to their best
What are the psychological studies of competition and aggression?
Competition is neither good nor bad
Whether it leads to aggression or cooperation depends on social environment
What are the psychological studies of competition and cooperation?
Cooperation as opposed to competition produces superior performance (depends on nature of task)
Competition can serve as a positive source of motivation to improve and refine skill
What are some experimenter games?
Priscner’s dilemma: Competitors draw cooperators into competition
Sherif and Sherif summer camp study: Competition can be reduced through cooperative efforts to achieve super ordinate goals
What is the link between competitive sport and success in life?
Higher educational aspirations
Similar career success as non-athletes
No more or less deviant
Is competition good or bad?
Neither good or bad
productive or destructive
Neutral process; environment determines effects
How is competition and cooperation complimentary?
They are not polar opposites
The dynamic of how they are complimentary should be taught
Top performers have a blend of both
What are attributes of both?
- Sense of mission
- Strong work ethic
- A love of challenge and change
- Use of resources
- Strong preparation ethic
- Great teamwork
How to enhance cooperation: component structure of games
Competitive means-competitive end (king of the mountain/ 100m sprint)
Cooperative means-cooperative ends ( soccer, basketball)
Individual means-individual ends (Cross country skiing)
Cooperative means - individual ends (helping each other individually improve)
Cooperative means- cooperative ends (keeping the ball from hitting the ground)
What are cooperative games?
Emphasize both cooperative means and ends
Can be taught through cooperative games
Cooperative games can be devised by changing the rules of traditional games
What are general principles of cooperative games?
Max participation
Max opportunity to learn sport and movement skill
Do not keep score
Max opportunity for success
Give positive feedback
Provide opportunity to play different positions
