Conflict Resolution, Peacebuilding, and Youth Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are some general reasons for internal or regionalized conflicts to arise?
- identity
- economic
- political marginalization
- injustice
- resource scarcity
- ethnic discrimination.
What were some reasons for the conflicts in the 90s?
- the impact of rapid globalization on weak
- widespread availability of cheap weaponry
- the existence of shadow economies
(that made armed conflict a profitable activity for some warlords and ‘conflict entrepreneurs)
What is a social institution?
A social institution is a group or organization that has specific roles, norms, and expectations, which functions to meet to social needs of society
Key features and words in the definition of “Conflict resolution”
Primarily, it seeks, to achieve a ‘negative peace’, understood as the absence of violence.
Additionally,
1. seeks to resolve the incompatibilities of interests and behaviours
2. addressing the underlying issues
3. finding a mutually acceptable process
What is peacemaking?
What are the other areas that peacemaking is linked to?
is the official or unofficial diplomatic effort intended to end the bloodshed between contending parties involved in conflict.
objective is to move a violent conflict into a nonviolent stage
Peacemaking is strongly linked to conflict resolution and conflict mediation.
What is Peacekeeping?
military operation undertaken with the consent of all major parties to a dispute.
purpose is to monitor and facilitate implementing an agreement and supporting diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement.
What are the 3 broad categories of peacekeeping divided by the UN?
1) helping maintain cease-fires
2) implementing comprehensive settlements
3) protecting humanitarian operations.
What is peacebuilding?
long-term development that focuses on developing social, governmental and nongovernmental (including religious) mechanisms that favour nonviolent, constructive means of resolving differences.
Peacebuilding is an approach to (primarily) post-conflict settings that recognizes the need for reconciliation, developing a capacity for conflict resolution, and working towards a sustainable peace.
It involves a full range of approaches, processes, and stages needed for transformation toward more manageable, peaceful relationships and governance structures.
Peacebuilding can be seen to differ from conflict resolution in the sense that its focus is more on building a ‘positive peace’ grounded in just societal relationships.
What is Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)?
of ex-combatants is often a first step in peace-building. The three phases are interconnected and each is essential to the success of the others.
👉generally the strategy employed by all UN Peacekeeping Operations following civil wars.
👉 The immediate goal is the restoration of security and stability, through the disarmament of warring parties.
👉The final goal of DDR is the sustained social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants into a peaceful society.
Demobilization of armed groups is another fundamental step in the improvement of security conditions at the end of an armed conflict. Progressive disarmament reduces the mistrust that fuels a security dilemma between the fighting factions, allows aid workers to intervene more effectively, and allows peaceful social and economic activities to resume.
The final goal of DDR is the sustained social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants into a peaceful society. However, DDR programs are not comprehensive development projects; they are temporary measures to facilitate the transition from war to peace. If a DDR program is to be sustainable and successful in the long term, it must be integrated with and supported by interventions for post-conflict reconstruction and social and economic development.
What is disarmament, demobilization and reintegration?
Disarmament means the physical removal of the means of combat from ex-belligerents (weapons, ammunition, etc.).
Demobilization means the disbanding of armed groups.
Reintegration means the process of reintegrating former combatants into civilian society, reducing the number of people immediately ready to engage in armed combat.
What is post-conflict peacebuilding according to the UN?
🛑
Challenges faced in post-conflict peacebuilding?
🛑Post-war settings –> High degree of complexity
🛑Multidimensional reconstruction, reform, and rehabilitation
🛑Fragile and unpredictable political climate
🛑Transforming Negative peace (Absence of war) ➡️ positive peace (Meaningfully addressing the root causes of the conflict)
🛑Deteriorating or completely destructed
-Governance
ーService delivery
-Economic production
🛑Lacking human/institutional and financial resources to restore the infrastructure.
🛑Educated population’s migration to abroad.
Young people’s development is often crippled by the war or their direct participation in the war.
🛑Govt institutions and security are channeled toward warfighting.
🛑So, there is a need to reverse back these trends.
What are the dimensions of peacebuilding?
➡️Providing security: includes security and military measures, security sector reform, and law enforcement.
➡️Preventing spoilers: includes deterrence, intelligence, and successful DDR.
➡️Promoting development: social and economic development, resource distribution, physical reconstruction, aid, and market reform.
➡️Promoting political and judicial institutions and processes: includes rebuilding or strengthening legitimate political processes and institutions, governance, promoting civil society, elections, combating corruption, and judicial reform.
➡️Addressing the psychosocial dimension of conflict: includes trauma healing and interpersonal and inter-communal reconciliation.
what are the 3 key areas of peacebuilding?
- Containing violence
- Transforming relationships
- Building capacity
What are some ways to mitigate violence during the process of peacebuilding?
- Making ceasefire agreements
- Restrainig the offenders
- Allocating no-violence zones or safe areas
- Involve/deployment of peacekeeping external actors
- Proper distribution of humanitarian aid
What are some aspects of transforming relationships in the process of peacebuilding?
Encourage reconciliation
Foster democratic communication
Promote justice
What are the levels of intervention in peacebuilding?
Track 1 - Domain of official international diplomacy, government agencies involving political and military leaders.
Track 2 - involves mid-level community leaders who have links to, yet are somewhat distanced from, the top echelons of government (inclusive, mid-up and mid-down approach where midrange leaders provide a link between the people and political leadership./leaders provide a link between the people and political leadership
Track 3 - concerns the population as a whole (bottom-up, grassroots leadership)
What are some core peacebuilding activities?
- Official diplomacy (mediation, negotiation, conferences, etc).
- Non-official conflict management (peace commissions, workshops)
- Military measures (deterrence, security sector reform, DDR of ex-combatants)
- Economic/social measures (humanitarian/development assistance, economic reform, trade, investment, aid, sanctions, agricultural programmes)
- Political and governance (party/institution building, election reform, civic society, elite training)
- Judicial/legal measures (tribunals, judicial reform, police reform, arbitration, human rights reporting, monitoring and advocacy)
- Communications and Education (media, journalist training, peace education)
❗️What are some core activities that should take place in peacebuilding?
DDR;
establishment of international and local civilian police forces;
rebuilding infrastructure;
establish rule of law and functioning judiciary;
institution-building;
socio-economic rehabilitation;
organising and supervising electoral processes;
education and promotion of human rights;
democratisation;
capacity-building;
psycho-social healing.
What is democracy?
GOVERNMENT BY PEOPLE
Rulers are elected by the people.
➡️i) A system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections;
ii) Active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life;
iii) Protection of the human rights of all citizens; and
iv) A rule of law in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens.
➡️is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation (“direct democracy”), or to choose governing officials to do so (“representative democracy”).
What are the cornerstones of democracy?
freedom of assembly, association, property rights, freedom of religion and speech, inclusiveness and equality, citizenship, consent of the governed, voting rights, freedom from unwarranted governmental deprivation of the right to life and liberty, minority rights.
What are some reasons for democratic backsliding?
Populism denial of the legitimacy of political opponents toleration or encouragement of violence Restrain media Polarization
What comprises the UN’s peacebuilding architecture?
Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO) Peacebuilding Fund (PBF)
What is the role of peacebuilding commission?
building peace 😭
