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PARASITOLOGY > Concentration Techniques > Flashcards

Concentration Techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

Highly n204 mended in cases of light infection that may have yielded a negative direct Fecal smear reading

A

concentration Techniques

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2
Q

Design to separate parasites from excess fecal debris

A

concentration Techniques

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3
Q

2 Methods of Concentration Techniques

A

Floatation Techniques and sedimentation Techniques

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4
Q

Surface of the preparation

A

Floatation Techniques

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5
Q

Reagent Flotation Technique

A

higher SG ( 1.18 - 1.20)

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6
Q

Types of Flotation Techniques

A

zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, brine, sugar

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7
Q

Bottom of the preparation/sediment

A

Sedimentation Technique

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8
Q

Reagent for sedimentation Technique

A

lower SG

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9
Q

cleaner preparation

A

Flotation Techniques

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10
Q

Ideal for NEMATODE EGGS

A

Flotation Techniques

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11
Q

Useful for small operculated trematode eggs

A

Flotation Techniques

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12
Q

Examples of small operculated trematode eggs

A

Opisthorchis
Clonorchis
Heterophyids

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13
Q

This technique will make larger eggs to not float

A

Flotation Techniques

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14
Q

Examples of large eggs that will not float on Flotation Techniques

A

Fasciola & Fasciolopsis

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15
Q

Exposure of parasites to high SG will cause

A

distortion and shrinkage of protozoan cysts & thin-walled helminth eggs

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16
Q

Principle of Flotation Techniques

A

Parasites have lower SG than the reagent and will therefore float to the surface of the preparation

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17
Q

Can recover protozoan cysts

A

Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

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18
Q

original Zinc sulfate flotation procedure was developed by

A

Faust in 1938

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19
Q

original Zinc sulfate flotation procedure was developed by Faust in 1938 for the recovery of

A

both helminth eggs and larvae & protozoan cyst

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20
Q

Most wide used reagent or the main reagent for zinc sulfate Flotation Technique

A

33% ZnSO4

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21
Q

procedure in flotation techniques

A
  1. Transfer about 0.5 teaspoon of stool to a test tube containing 1-2ml of water and comminute thoroughly then fill the tube to within 2-3 mm of the top with water. If solid, about 1 gram of stool is thoroughly mixed with 10 ml distilled water. Then transfer suspension to 15 ml conical tube.
  2. Centrifuge sample at 1500-2500 rpm for 1 minute. Discard the supernatant.
  3. Add 1-3 ml zinc sulfate to resuspend the sediment.
  4. Fill the tube within 2-3 mm of the rim with additional zinc sulfate.
  5. Centrifuge again at 1500-2500 rpm for 1 minute.
  6. Pipette 1 drop from the surface of the preparation or get a loopful of the sample from the surface and place on a clean labeled slide and cover with a coverslip.
  7. Scan the entire coverslip.
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22
Q

What to do if sample contains a large amount of fecal materials

A

wash sediments with water

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23
Q

How to report the helminths in zinc sulfate flotation techniques for positive

A

of eggs parasite name/ coverslip (report separately for mixed infection)

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24
Q

How to report the helminths in zinc sulfate flotation techniques for negative

A

no ova seen

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25
How to report for protozoan cysts in zinc sulfate flotation techniques if positive
Positive for parasite name & stage
26
How to report for protozoan cysts in zinc sulfate flotation techniques if negative
None seen
27
Sugar boiled in phenol
Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique
28
Best for the recovery of coccidian oocysts
Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique
29
Procedures for Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique
1. Soften 1gm of feces wvith water to a soft 2. Strain the aqueous suspension through a wire sieve. 3. Mix 1 part aqueous suspension wvith 2 partof Sheathers sugar solution. 4. Pour into a centrifuge tube, centrifigation 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. 5. Pour the supernatant into a meniscus and add a sufficient solution to bring the meniscus to the top 6. Place a coverslip and wait for 10 minutes. 7. Examine under microscope.
30
Uses saturated table salt solution
Brine Flotation
31
Advantage of Brine Flotation
Low cost and simple
32
Disadvantage of Brine Flotation
a. Helminth eggs of Hookworm and Schistosomabecome badly shrunken b. Not useful for operculated eggs like Clonorchis, Opisthorchis & Heterophyids
33
In Saturated salt solution for Brine Flotation, how much grams for NaCl powder
40 g
34
In Saturated salt solution for Brine Flotation, how much ml of distilled water
100 ml
35
Steps for brine flotation
1. Label vial & slide. 2. Fill vial with brine half-full. 3. Place half a gram of stool in a vial. 4. Mix the specimens thoroughly to make a homogenous suspension. 5. Slowly add more brine solution up to the brim of the vial. 6. Carefully lower a cover slip on top of the vial and leave it there for 10-15 mins. 7. After 15 minutes, lift the coverslip squarely and place on a glass slide and examine the entire coverslip under the microscope.
36
what is the way of reportingfo r Brine that is positive
# of eggs parasite name/ coverslip
37
Reporting for Brine for negative
no ova seen
38
These method use the high specific gravity of a sotutiop float the lighter ova and cyst. They can be improved by centrifugation.
Flotation technique
39
Advantage for flotation technique
Easy to perform
40
Disadvantage for flotation technique
• Delay in examination can result in distortion. • Larvae and some fluke eggs do not concentrate. • Frequent checking of specific gravity.
41
Types of sedimentation Techniques
1. Simple Gravity Sedimentation Technique 2. Acid Ether Concentration Technique (AECT) 3. Formalin Ether Concentration Technique 4. MIFECT – Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Ether Concentration Technique
42
stool + tap water -> mix -> allow parasites to settle down by gravity
Simple Gravity
43
Less equipment & reagents needed
Simple Gravity
44
Store sediments – add 10% formalin
Simple Gravity
45
Schistosoma eggs will hatch – add ___ (prevent hatching)
NSS
46
Schistosoma eggs will hatch – add NSS (prevent hatching)
Simple gravity
47
Hasten sedimentation – add ___
Glycerine
48
Advantages of Simple Gravity
1. Minimal use of glassware, equipment & reagent 2. Useful in cases of Schistosoma & Strongyloides infections 3. Sediments are useful for study & future references 4. Allows settling of cysts, eggs and larvae
49
Disadvantage of Simple Gravity
1. Time consuming 2. Lots of fecal debris in the sediments
50
Also known as Ritchie’s Method/406 MGL (Medical General Laboratory) Method
FECT
51
Can be performed on formalin- preserved or PVA-preserved stool
FECT
52
Reagents for FECT
– 10% Formalin – fixative/preservative – Ether – dissolve neutral fats
53
fixative/preservative for FECT
10% formalin
54
Procedures for FECT
55
for Flotation Technique: How much teaspoon of stool is added to the test tube containing 1-2 ml of water
0.5 teaspoon of stool
56
for Flotation Technique: How many gram of stool is added if it is solid
1 gram of stool
57
for zin sulfate flotation technique: Centrifuge the sample at
1500-2500 rpm for 1 minute
58
for zin sulfate flotation technique: Add ____ml zinc sulfate to resuspend the sedime
1-3 ml
59
Size of the stool for FECT
size of a thumb or marble
60
How many layers of gauze to strain the fecal suspension in FECT
2 layers
61
How much RPM is needed to centrifuge The sample in the FECT
1500 rpm
62
what to do or add when you ar after the unscrewing parasep
6.0 ml of Fixative 1 drop of superfactant
63
surfactant for Miri Parasep
Apacor Triton X solution
64
Advantages Of FECT
useful in the recovery of helminth eggs and protozoan cystscan be done on formalin-preserved and PVApreserved stoolssediments from FECT can be stored for a long period of time
65
Disadvantages OF FECT
Loss of parasite in plug of debris2. Ether is flammable & explosive ethyl acetate (less efficient)
66

PARASITOLOGY (7 decks)

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