Concepts

Question 1

Argument

Answer 1

A set of statements where some of the statements, called premises, are intended to support one another, called the conclusion.

Question 2

Statement

Answer 2

A declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Question 3

Deductive argument

Answer 3

An argument in which the premises are intedned to guarantee the conclusion.

Question 4

Inductive argument

Answer 4

An argument in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it.

Question 5

Valid argument

Answer 5

An argument in which it is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Question 6

Invalid argument

Answer 6

An argument in which it is not necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Question 7

Sound argument

Answer 7

A valid argument in which all the premises are true.

Question 8

Unsound argument

Answer 8

An argument that is either invalid or has at least one false premise.

Question 9

Substitution instance

Answer 9

result from uniformly replacing the variables in an argument form with statements (or terms).

Question 10

Valid argument form

Answer 10

In which every substitution instance is a valid argument

Question 11

Formally valid argument

Answer 11

Valid in virtue of its form.

Question 12

Negation

Answer 12

The denial of a statement

Question 13

Conditional statement

Answer 13

An if-then statement.

Question 14

Antecedent

Answer 14

The IF clause of a conditional.

Question 15

Consequent

Answer 15

The THEN clause of a conditional

Question 16

Disjunction

Answer 16

an either-or statement

Question 17

Disjuncts

Answer 17

Statements that comprise a disjunction.

Question 18

Famous forms method

Answer 18

1. Identify and label component statements.
2. Rewrite the argument using capital letters, eliminate stylistic variants.
3. Check to see if pattern is a famous form

Question 19

Categorical statement

Answer 19

A statement that relates two classes or categories, where a class is a set or collection of things

Question 20

Term

Answer 20

A word or phrase that stands for a class of things

Question 21

The counterexample method

Answer 21

1. Identify the most logically sensitive form of the argument. use capital letters to stand for statements or terms.
2. Find English statements or terms that, if substituted for the conclusion produce a well-known falsehood
3. Substitute these statements uniformly throughout argument form
4. Find English statements to substitute for premises that are well known truths
5. Check your work, if form succeeds argument is invalid.

Question 22

Strong argument

Answer 22

One in which it is probable (but not necessary) that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Question 23

Weak argument

Answer 23

One in which it is not probable that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Question 24

Cogent argument

Answer 24

A strong argument in which all of the premises are true

Question 25

Uncogent argument

Answer 25

One that is either weak or strong with at least one false statement.

Question 26

Unsupported assertion

Answer 26

Passages that are not arguments Reports: provide information Illustrations: statements with clarifying examples Explanatory: Statements that provide causal reasons Conditional: if-then statements

Question 27

Well crafted argument

Answer 27

An arguments that is stated in such asway that its important logical features are explicit.

Question 28

Premise indicators (name 5)

Answer 28

Words that are typically followed by a premise: because, since for, as, after all.

Question 29

Conclusion indicators (name 4)

Answer 29

Words that are typically followed by a conclusion: therefore, hence, thus, so.

Question 30

Principals for rewriting Arguments as well crafted ones.

Answer 30

1. Identify the conclusion and premises 2. Eliminate excess verbiage (discounts, repetition, assurances, hedges) 3. Employ uniform language 4. Be fair and charitable 5. Do not confuse subconclusions with (final) conclusions 6. Make explicit obviously implicit premises in a charitable way.

Question 31

Proposition

Answer 31

A truth or falsehood that may or may not be expressed in a sentence

Question 32

Cognitive meaning

Answer 32

Cognitive meaning of a sentence is the information conveyed by a sentence

Question 33

Emotive force

Answer 33

Emotive force of a sentence is the emotion the sentence expresses

Question 34

Ambiguous word

Answer 34

Has more than one meaning

Question 35

Vague word

Answer 35

Has borderline cases

Question 36

Extensional definition

Answer 36

Specifies the meaning of a term by indicating the set of things to which the term applies

Question 37

Intensional definition

Answer 37

Specifies the meaning of a term by indicating the properties of a thing must have to be included in the terms extension

Question 38

Types of Extensional definitions

Answer 38

OSTENTIVE: pointing to objects in extension ENUMERTIVE: Naming members of its extension indivdually SUBCLASS: Naming members of its extension in groups

Question 39

Types of Intensional definitions

Answer 39

LEXICAL: Reports the conventional or established intension STIPULATIVE: intension independent of convection or established use. PRECISING: Reduces vagueness by imposing limits on conventional meaning THEORETICAL: Attempts to provide adequate understanding of things which term applies

Question 40

Definiendum

Answer 40

The words being defined

Question 41

Definiens

Answer 41

The words that do the defining.

Question 42

Equivocation

Answer 42

Occurs when a word or Phrase is used with more than one meaning.

Question 43

Merely Verbal Dispute

Answer 43

Occurs when disputants appear to disagree but an ambiguous word hides the fact that the disagreement is unreal.

Question 44

Persuasive Definition

Answer 44

Definition that is slanted in favour of a particular conclusion or point of view.