Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathological Liars > Concepts of Disease + Cellular Injury > Flashcards

Concepts of Disease + Cellular Injury Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cellular adaptation

A
  • cells must adapt to internal and external environmental changes
  • may change change size or form, but still functions normally
  • may be temporary or permanent, based on timeline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

examples of adaptation

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atrophy usually affects what tissue?

A

muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does Atrophy affect cells?

A

its a decrease in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atrophy causes?

A
  1. disuse
  2. denervation (nerves supplying tissue stop working)
  3. decrease in nutrition
  4. hormone imbalance
  5. lack of blood or oxygen flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypertrophy usually affects what tissue?

A

muscle tissue: cardiac and skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does Hypertrophy affect cells?

A

it is an increase in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypertrophy cause?

A

increased work demand on cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypertrophic physiologic reason?

A

exercise - weight lifting, running, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypertrophic pathologic reason and 2 types

A

disease

  • adaptive
  • compensatory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Compensatory hypertrophy?

A

one organ increases in size to make up for loss of the other

ex: lose a kidney and other enlarges to make up for its function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adaptive hypertrophy?

A

some sort or resistance in the body causes tissue to work harder

ex: myocardial hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hyperplasia affect on cells

A

increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyperplasia can be a normal response to?

A

tissue removal

ex: liver regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cell types do hyperplasia affect?

A

labile or stable cells
- skin, liver, skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metaplasia occurs when…

A

we look at a specific area of the body and see a different type of cell than expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F - metaplasia can cause different tissue types to form

A

False - cell type changes, but tissue type does not
Same umbrella of tissue

example: simple cuboidal epithelium–> simple columnar
NOT simple cuboidal epithelium –> reticular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metaplasia causes?

A

chronic irritation or inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dysplasia occurs when…

A

we look at an area of cells under the microscope and see disorganized sample
- different levels of maturity, shape, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dysplasia is a future predictor of…

A

cancer (beginning stages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intracellular accumulations 3 general categories

A
  1. abnormal amounts of normal substances (ex: bilirubin)
  2. abnormal endogenous substances (normal substance in wrong place in body)
  3. foreign or exogenous products (external)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes for intracellular accumulation

A
  1. metabolism problems
  2. organ dysfunction
  3. genetic disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is tissue calcification and what are the 2 types?

A
  • abnormal deposits of calcium and other minerals into the tissues
  1. dystrophic
  2. metastatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dystrophic tissue calcification occurs when…

A

a group of injured or dying cells in a particular location die, open up, and release their contents into the surrounding area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Dystrophic tissue calcification results in...
a LOCALIZED deposit of calcium in that area of tissue
26
Dystrophic tissue calcification effects:
the large, visible deposit causes damage to surrounding tissue and causes stiffness in that area - stiff movement --> cant close valve properly
27
Where can dystrophic tissue calcification be seen?
seen in people with atherosclerosis and healed TB lesions
28
Metastatic tissue calcification occurs when there is...
elevated calcium concentration in the blood
29
Is Metastatic tissue calcification localized or systemic?
systemic
30
Metastatic tissue calcification levels can get so HIGH/LOW that it causes...
Can get so HIGH that it causes microscopic calcium deposits in tissues
31
Dystrophic vs. Metastatic tissue calcification
Dystrophic causes more significant tissue damage, but Metastatic is more widespread
32
What are the 5 Types of cellular injury?
1. Physical injury 2. Radiation exposure 3. Infectious/biologic agents 4. Chemical agents 5. Deficiency of critical nutrients
33
Types of Physical cellular injuries
1. blunt force 2. sharp force 3. temperature
34
Blunt force physical cellular injury definition and examples
- tissue is crushed, sheared, or torn Examples: - contusions (bruises) - hematomas (blood pockets) - abrasions (scrapes) - lacerations
35
Sharp force physical cellular injury definition and examples
- large amount of force applied to a smaller area of tissue Examples: - Stab wounds - Puncture wounds - Incised wounds
36
Lacerations vs. incisions
Lacerations are accidental Incisions are precise, clean - surgical
37
2 types of Temperature physical cellular injuries
- heat injury (low intensity and high intensity) - cold injuries
38
Low intensity Heat injury
- occurs in extremities - damages small blood vessels - disrupts enzyme activity - damages cell membranes - some cell death, blisters, not deep example: hit elbow on stove, sunburn
39
High intensity Heat injury
- occurs in extremities - worse damage to blood vessels - coagulation of proteins example: electrical burns, exposure to open flame
40
Cold temperature injuries can cause:
reduced blood flow - increased blood viscosity (blood thickness) - vasoconstriction (tightening of blood vessels) frostbite - freezing can form ice crystals in tissue
41
Ionizing Radiation exposures
- above normal UV range - gamma rays - can displace electrons and potentially alter DNA examples: X-rays, nuclear bombs
42
Non-ionizing Radiation exposures
- below visible spectrum - can generate heat ex: microwaves
43
What is Hypoxia?
reduced oxygen in the cells
44
Causes of localized and systemic hypoxia
localized - COPD, asthma, high altitude systemic - problem with arterial blood flood to tissue
45
What disorders can cause hypoxic cellular injury?
oxygenation - problem with gas exchange perfusion - adequate blood flow to any area
46
Predictable steps when O2 is low (hypoxia) - Effect on metabolism/ ATP, and Na/K+ pump
1. Aerobic metabolism cannot function without O2, so it becomes anaerobic metabolism 2. ATP production is slowed 3. Nasty byproducts of anaerobic metabolism cause a buildup of lactic acid, and then acidosis 4. Na/K pump halts --> increase in Na --> increase in H2O --> cell swells --> cell lyses --> cell membrane dies
47
What is Ischemia?
impaired arterial blood supply to a specific area of tissue blood flow or O2 reduction
48
Ischemia is the most common cause of...
localized hypoxia - low blood supply/O2
49
Does Ischemia cause tissue death? Why or why not?
No - since blood supply is not completely cut off, the tissue is simply injured, not dead
50
Ischemia is reversible IF...
blood flow is restored to the area QUICKLY
51
What is the most common cause of Ischemia?
atherosclerosis - slow build up of plaque lesions inside artery leads to the artery being choked off - not enough cross sectional areas for normal blood flow
52
What is Infarction? What is it caused by?
- PERMANENT tissue death - caused by the sudden and complete stoppage of arterial blood - total lack of oxygen
53
Is Infarction localized or systemic? What is an example?
localized ex: myocardial infarction --> stroke
54
What is Necrosis? What causes it?
- dead cells in an overall living person - entire person is not dead, only a section of cells/tissue is Caused by: - Unregulated cell digestion by enzymes --> products are released into extracellular space --> localized inflammation
55
Cells + tissues that die may...
- may undergo liquefaction - if enough protein retained: coagulation
56
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis: orderly, programmed cell death due to cell maturity, growth, or turnover Necrosis: messy, unplanned cell death due to injury of disease
57
Fate of necrotic tissue in smaller area
demolished + removed by phagocytosis
58
Fate of necrotic tissue per tissue type
- can regenerate based on tissue type - if more advanced: scar tissue forms
59
Fate of necrotic tissue if Gangrene in extremities
dead tissue may slough (fall) off
60
Fate of INTERNAL necrotic tissue
may be encapsulated w/ fibrous connective tissue and then calcified
61
What is Gangrene? What is it caused by?
- a large macroscopic area of necrosis - caused by deprivation of blood supply (not complete blockage)
62
What type of bacteria is associated with gangrene, and what is it's function?
Saprophytic bacteria - grows over dead tissue, digests it, and breaks down substance
63
Tissue/skin integrity is compromised when...
tissue death is on surface especially in extremities
64
Dry Gangrene characteristics
tissue becomes: - dry - wrinkly - changes color to a dark brown/black line of demarcation: clear line between dead and healthy tissue
65
Dry Gangrene is caused by:
ARTERIAL blood blockage w/ no interference of venous return
66
Dry Gangrene is most commonly located in...
the extremities (feet - most peripheral point)
67
Wet Gangrene characteristics
- tissue is cold, swollen, and dark - may have blebs on surface (fluid filled blisters) - foul odor due to bacterial differences
68
Wet Gangrene is caused by:
interference with VENOUS return
69
Wet Gangrene can occur after
severe burns
70
Wet Gangrene may be located in...
internal organs OR extremities
71
Which is more dangerous: Wet or Dry Gangrene? Why?
Wet gangrene is considered more dangerous - moves through the body and takes over healthy tissue quicker than dry - progresses quicker + can become systemic
72
Which of these are reversible and which are permanent: - Cellular changes (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia) - Cellular damage (hypoxic injury, ischemia, infarction, necrosis, dry/wet gangrene) - Cellular injury (physical, radiation, infections, chemical, nutrient deficiency)
Reversible: - atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia - hypoxic injury, ischemia Permanent: - infarction, necrosis, wet/dry gangrene

Pathological Liars (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions