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Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A
  • first line of defense
  • only occurs in vascularized tissue
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2
Q

Inflammation is the reaction of…

A

vascularized tissue injury

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3
Q

Inflammation is characterized by…

A

inflammatory mediators
- inflammatory cells drive process

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4
Q

Key Purposes of Inflammation

A
  • get rid of pathogen creating problem
  • make way for restoration or healing
  • prevent tissue damage + infection
  • prepare damaged tissue for repair
  • prepare immune response
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5
Q

first line of immunity function and barriers

A

“innate” immunity: natural born
- prevents microorganism entry

barriers

  • physical (skin)
  • chemical (macrophages, stimulating chemical messengers) ; (cellular, molecular)
  • mechanical
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6
Q

Innate immunity employs…

A

rapid cellular and chemical responses

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7
Q

What cells make up innate immunity?

A
  • phagocytes
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • natural killer cells
  • chemical mediators
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8
Q

Second line of immunity

A

“adaptive” or “acquired” immunity

interactions between immune and antigens

recognition between self (body cells) and non self

slower than innate, but more specific

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9
Q

Example of secondary (adaptive) immunity

A

viruses and vaccines
- previous exposure: immune system forms antibodies

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10
Q

Secondary line of immunity target

A

very specific target: 2 types

  • Humoral (B-cells)
  • Cell Mediated (T-cells)
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11
Q

“-itis”

A
  • refers to inflammatory conditions
  • not necessarily a disease
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12
Q

Acute Inflammation

A
  • short inflammatory process
  • lasts a few minutes –> several days
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13
Q

Acute Inflammation key feature - definition + components + cells

A

exudation

  • movement of inflammatory + immune system cells into the extravascular tissues
  • includes: fluid + plasma components and LEUKOCYTES
  • when it occurs, dominated by NEUTROPHILS
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14
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A
  • condition usually begin as acute and then develops to chronic
  • lasts for days to years
  • local or systemic
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15
Q

Chronic Inflammation - proliferation of…

A
  • blood vessels
  • tissue necrosis
  • fibrosis
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16
Q

Chronic Inflammation is dominated by what cells?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • macrophages
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17
Q

Key Difference between Acute and Chronic Inflammation

A

acute has EXUDATION

chronic has FIBROSIS

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18
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation

A
  • recurrent progressive acute inflammatory process
  • viruses and bacteria that lay dormant
  • talc or silica powder from plants
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19
Q

Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation

  • Progression
  • Localized or systemic?
A
  • diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes

ongoing chemotaxis –> infiltration of macrophages –> fibroblast proliferation –> scar formation
- scar formation: hard + avascular

  • systemic
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20
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation

A
  • small lesion (1-2mm)

foreign body giant cell
- foreign bodies (blister or suture) are surrounded by macrophages –> surrounded by lymphocytes

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21
Q

3 Phases of Inflammation

A
  1. vascular phase
  2. cellular phase
  3. Inflammatory mediators
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22
Q

Vascular Phase of inflammation is the process of…

A

…clotting, edema, and beginning of pain

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23
Q

Vascular Phase of inflammation contains changes in…

A

small blood vessels at the site of injury

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24
Q

The Vascular Phase of inflammation is initiated by…

A

the release of chemical mediators

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25
Vascular Phase of inflammation is characterized by (4)...
1. vasodilation, after temporary period of vasoconstriction 2. changes in blood flow 3. increased permeability in capillaries 4. leakage of fluid into extravascular tissues (exudation)
26
In the vascular phase of inflammation, increased capillary permeability allows...
granulocytes to exit the vascular system and move to the injured tissue
27
changes in the vascular phase of acute inflammation prepare...
cellular response
28
Capillary vasoconstriction vs. vasodilation
vasoconstriction: limits blood loss vasodilation: increases blood flow
29
Vascular phase of inflammation speed and impact
occurs quickly major part of inflammation
30
Cellular phase sequence of events
- leukocytes go to site of injury to destroy offending agent and clear damaged cells (phagocytosis) sequence 1. margination and adhesion 2. transmigration 3. chemotaxis 4. leukocyte activation + phagocytosis
31
What occurs during the Margination and Adhesion stage of the Cellular phase?
buildup of leukocytes on blood vessel wall (endothelium) - leukocytes slow their migration, adhere tightly to endothelium, and begin to move along the periphery of blood vessels
32
What occurs during Transmigration Stage of the Cellular phase?
- inflammatory mediators secrete chemicals that cause endothelial cells to separate - leukocytes move through the spaces in walls and unto tissue space
33
What occurs during the Chemotaxis stage of the Cellular phase?
- a dynamic + energy driven process - inflammatory mediators direct the movement of leukocytes to site of infection - once leukocytes exit capillaries, they are guided through the tissue by chemoattractants
34
What are chemoattractants?
bacterial + cellular debris protein fragments chemokines
35
What are chemokines a subgroup of and what are they secreted by?
- subgroup of cytokines - secreted by immune and non-immune cells (macrophages)
36
Chemokines function
small proteins that direct trafficking of leukocytes during the early stages of inflammation
37
What are cytokines?
cell communication molecules grouped w/ chemoattractants
38
What occurs during Leukocyte Activation and Phagocytosis stage of Cellular Phase?
- recognition, adherence, engulfment, intracellular killing - cleans up dead cells
39
Phagocytosis is initiated by...
the recognition and binding of particles by specific receptors on the surface of phagocytic cells
40
What are Inflammatory mediators? What are the 2 types?
activated chemical substances that coordinate with the vascular + cellular phase to direct cells and process inflammation 1. plasma derived 2. cell derived
41
Plasma Derived inflammatory mediators are synthesized in...
the liver
42
Plasma Derived inflammatory mediators - components
components MUST BE ACTIVATED by enzymes 1. acute phase proteins 2. coagulation factors 3. complement proteins
43
Plasma Derived components - Acute Phase Proteins (timeline + effects)
- short, quick reactions - causes fever and chills
44
Plasma Derived components - Coagulation factors (purpose and products)
- proteins that aid in hemostasis + blood clotting includes KININS - activated kinin system produces bradykinin - vasoactive: vasoconstriction and vasodilation (increases capillary pressure edema) CLOTTING - thrombin - contributes to vascular phase
45
Plasma Derived components - Complement proteins (purpose + system)
- help antibodies respond like they should complement system - functions as enzymes as part of inflammatory response - interacts w/ multiple molecules + proteins within the body - help direct leukocyte to site of injury/infection
46
Cell Derived inflammatory mediators are derived from...
intracellular granules (pockets)
47
Cell Derived inflammatory mediators function
to respond to injury or trauma some mediators need to be secreted (inactive) some mediators need to be newly synthesized (ready for action once formed)
48
Cell derived mediator types:
1. histamine 2. arachidonic acid metabolites 3. cytokines + chemokines 3. nitric oxide + free radicals
49
Cell derived mediators - histamine
- one of the 1st to be released - a vasodilator - produces swelling, itching - works with serotonin -
50
Cell derived mediators - arachidonic acid metabolites (2 stimulation pathways)
1. lipoxygenase pathway 2. cyclooxygenase
51
Cell derived mediators - arachidonic acid metabolites effects:
- stimulates smooth muscle contraction - increases capillary permeability - causes vasodilation - causes bronchoconstriction - promotes platelet function
52
Cell derived mediators - cytokines + chemokines (purpose and effects)
- generate systemic responses during inflammation - decrease BP - increase HR - fever, chills
53
Cell derived mediators - nitric oxide + free radicals (effects)
- vasodilation - smooth muscle relaxation - antagonism of platelet adhesion - leukocyte recruiter
54
Cells of inflammation
- platelets - neutrophils - eosinophils - monocytes - basophils - mast cells
55
Cells of inflammation - platelets function and effects
- involved in hemostasis, which maintains blood flow - causes clots
56
Cells of inflammation - neutrophils
early birds - arrive early at site of inflammation - essential part of acute inflammation
57
Cells of inflammation - eosinophils
- increase during allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) or parasitic reactions - involved in hypersensitivity reactions
58
Cells of inflammation - monocytes (what they produce + what they are heavily involved in)
- produce potent inflammatory mediators - heavily involved w/ growth doctors for healing tissues
59
Cells of inflammation - basophils (derived from...)
bone marrow
60
Cells of inflammation - mast cells
- activation results in release of granular mediators: degranulate - developed later - release multiple chemicals, such as **histamine**
61
Tissue injury needed for mast cells to…
degranulate and release histamine and chemotaxic chemicals (neutrophils and eosinophils)
62
LOCAL manifestations of inflammation
* vascular changes (vasodilation/constriction) * leukocyte infiltration (build up of vessel wall) * severity of reaction (length of time) * specific cause (infection) * site of involvement
63
SYSTEMIC manifestations of inflammation
acute phase response begins within hours or days leukocytosis - increased white blood cells lymphadenitis - reaction in the lymph nodes; swelling from increase of fluid
64
Terms for signs of inflammation: rubor
redness
65
Terms for signs of inflammation: tumor
swelling
66
Terms for signs of inflammation: calor
heat
67
Terms for signs of inflammation: dolor
pain
68
Terms for signs of inflammation: functio laeso
loss of function
69
Exudates: serous
something clear outside of blood ex: fluid in blisters
70
Exudates: hemorrhagic
severe trauma -→ blood
71
Exudates: fibrinous
* thick, stick fluid * usually in scars -→ likely in chronic inflammation
72
Exudates: membranous
thick mucous
73
Exudates: purulent or suppurative
* some type of abscess * can happen as a result of an ulceration
74
Goal of acute inflammation
complete restoration of normal tissue
75
What is acute inflammation restoration dependent on?
* minimal cell death/damage * tissue capacity for regeneration * overall health and nutrition * removal of causal agent * removal of debris and fluid

Pathological Liars (7 decks)

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