Conceptual Issues

Question 1

First professor of Psychology in Australia

Answer 1

Henry Tasman Lovell

Question 2

What defines abnormality

Answer 2

Statistical rarity - deviate from average

3D’s -
Deviance (norm violation, negatively evaluated by society)
Distress (assess oneself)
Dysfunction (maladaptive, inference with life)

Disability (impairment in a key area)

Question 3

Mental disorder

Answer 3

Syndrome characterised by clinical significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour

Question 4

Syndrome

Answer 4

Group of symptoms or signs based on frequent co-occurrence

Question 5

Hippocrates- ‘4 humours’ (fluids)

Answer 5

Blood
Yellow Bile (Choler)
Black bile (Melanchloer)
Phlegm

Question 6

Paracelsus- 3 classes of mental illnesses

Answer 6

Vesania (poisons)
Lunacy (influenced by moon phases)
Insanity (cause by hereditary)

Question 7

Defence mechanisms

Answer 7

Reduce anxiety caused by unconscious intrapsychic conflict

Question 8

Neuroses

Answer 8

Milder forms

Question 9

Psychoses

Answer 9

Failing of defence mechanisms causing retreat from reality

Question 10

Founder of behaviourism

Answer 10

John B. Watson

Question 11

Pavlov

Answer 11

Classical conditioning

Question 12

Thorndike

Answer 12

Operant conditioning

Learning through consequences

Question 13

Bandura

Answer 13

Modelling

Question 14

Albert Ellis

Answer 14

Rational-emotive therapy
(Respond to own idiosyncratic interpretations of events)

People respond to their interpretations of events

Question 15

ABC Model

Answer 15

A:Event = B:Beliefs or interpretations of the event = C:Emotional and behavioural responses

Question 16

Cognitive restructuring

Answer 16

Change dysfunctional thinking patterns

Question 17

Aaron Beck

Answer 17

Errors

• selective abstraction
• overgeneralisation
• dichotomous thinking
• exaggeration of the negative

Black and white thinking = cognitive distortions

Question 18

Uniquely human issues

Answer 18

Self, hope, love, creativity, individuality

Unconditional positive regard

Conditions of worth

Question 19

Carl Rogers

Answer 19

Person centred therapy

Question 20

DSM

Answer 20

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders

Question 21

DSM-5

Answer 21

300+ different mental disorders
Published May 2013

Adopted a neo-kraepelinian approach

Question 22

Diagnosis

Answer 22

Consistent with medical model

Driven by clear identifiable underlying pathological processes

Question 23

Barlow’s triple vulnerability model

Answer 23

Generalised biological vulnerability

Generalised psychological vulnerability

Specific psychological vulnerability

Question 24

3 dimensions of emotion

Answer 24

Negative affectivity
Autonomic arousal
Low positive affectivity

Question 25

Widiger

Answer 25

Dyscontrolled maladaptivity | Uncontrolled behaviours

Question 26

GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Answer 26

Inhibits nerve impulses | Implicated in anxiety

Question 27

Norepinephrine

Answer 27

Implicated in anxiety and other stress-related disorders

Question 28

Serotonin and dopamine

Answer 28

Implicated in depression, mania and schizophrenia

Question 29

Neurotransmitter receptor sites

Answer 29

Agonist drugs - stimulate | Antagonist drugs - dampen

Question 30

Who wrote ‘Psychology as the behaviourist Views it’?

Answer 30

John B. Watson

Question 31

Robins and Gauze diagnostic validity

Answer 31

Treatment outcome studies

Question 32

Self-actualisation

Answer 32

Humanistic perspective

Question 33

B.F. Skinner

Answer 33

Operant conditioning | Principle of reinforcement

Question 34

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer 34

Biological influences Psychological influences Social-cultural influences

Question 35

Most modern explanations of mental disorders include

Answer 35

Diathesis-stress model | Interaction between biological and psychological factors

Question 36

ECT - Elctroconvulsive therapy

Answer 36

Effective treatment for sever depression Still used today Developed 1930’s Calming effect on patients

Question 37

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 37

Safety Warm relationships with others Self-actualisation Basic biological needs

Question 38

Functional analysis of behaviour

Answer 38

Describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively

Question 39

Rosenhan

Answer 39

‘On being sane in insane places’ “Pseudo patient” Diagnoses in mods of observers

Question 40

Epidemiology

Answer 40

Distribution of disorder

Question 41

Aetiology

Answer 41

Causation | (You can never infer causation from correlational data

Question 42

Equal environments assumption critical for ?

Answer 42

Twin studies

Question 43

Statistical significance

Answer 43

If correlation in population was zero, there is less than 5% chance of getting the correlation that you got in your sample

Question 44

Multiple baseline design

Answer 44

Across behaviours and settings

Question 45

Third variable problem

Answer 45

Correlation between seemingly odd items

Question 46

Reliability

Answer 46

Consistency of measurement ``` Inter-rater reliability Kappa coefficient = observed - expected __________________ 1 - expected ```

Question 47

Kappa Statistic .80 - .50 __________ 1 - .50

Answer 47

= .60

Question 48

CBT- cognitive behavioural treatment

Answer 48

Cognitive restructuring Behavioural experiments Thought diaries Altering behaviour

Question 49

Harmful dysfunction

Answer 49

Wakefield

Question 50

Kappa

Answer 50

diving 0.5 is equivalent to multiplying by 2

Question 51

If the observed inter rater reliability was 0.5, and the expected was 0.3, what is the overall difference? 0.5 - 0.3 ———— 1 - 0.5

Answer 51

0.4