Conditions list revision

Question 1

Describe the aetiology of Chronic renal failure

Answer 1

Persistent loss of kindney function over time commonly seen in geriatric cats

Question 2

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of CRF

Answer 2

The kidney is unable to filter nitrogenous waste from the blood leading to uraemia

Deterioration in renal function causes pH and electrolyte imbalance (potassium and phosphate)

Question 3

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - CRF

Answer 3

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Oral ulcers
Dehydration

Question 4

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique - CRF
What are the rationales for choosing these techniques? CRF

Answer 4

Urine specific gravity - assess urine concentrating ability, non invasive, quick and simple to perform
Blood biochemisty - simple and quick to perform, elevations can indicate CKD however as there are other causes further tests usually performed in addition to confirm the diagnosis (such as urinalysis to determine USG)

Question 5

Describe the aetiology of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 5

TYPE 1; β cells have been destroyed and can no longer synthesise insulin adequately.
TYPE 2 reduced ability to respond to insulin

Question 6

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 6

Absolute or relative insulin deficiency

Reduced tissue utilisation of glucose

Leads to hyperglycaemia in bloodstream

And low glucose levels in cells

Renal threshold for glucose exceeded&raquo_space; glycosuria

Eventually fats are broken down as cells cant access glucose

This can lead to ketosis

Question 7

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - diabetes mellitus

Answer 7

Polyphagia
Polyuria
Plydipsia
Glycosuria

Question 8

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and
describe each technique - diabetes mellitus
What are the rationales for choosing these techniques? Diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

Single blood glucose assay – simple and quick to obtain, relatively low cost, provides accurate reading of glucose levels in blood at the time of sampling
Urinalysis – glucose and ketones – non-invasive, easy and cheap to carry out, Detection of ketones highlights if gluconeogenesis is occurring

Question 9

Describe the aetiology of dialated cardiomyopathy

Answer 9

Thinning of myocardium results in a decreased ability of the heart to generate pressure to pump blood through the vascular system, factors including nutritional, infectious, and genetic predisposition have been implicated, commonly large and giant breeds dogs, sometimes occurs in cats

Question 10

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

DCM is characterized bydilation of the ventricles with ventricular wall thinning, ventricular and atrial enlargement, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction

Question 11

Describe THREE clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 11

collapse or fainting

decreased appetite

weight loss

swollenbelly

depressed attitude or quiet and not interactive

sudden death

Question 12

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and

Describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique

• dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 12

radiography is accessible in first opinion practice but has limitations when it comes to providing information about the shape and size and function of structures inside the heart. Lung fields can be evaluated at the same time to ascertain if there is concurrent respiratory disease as well as detect pulmonary oedema

Ultrasonography can be carried out on conscious patients most of the time and can provide information regarding the architecture of valves, ventricular muscle thickness and chamber size and function ( but it does require a certain level of operator skill. )

Clinical signs of acquired heart disease may be similar when the disease reaches its terminal stages for all conditions. A cardiac murmur may be present in all 3 conditions although the precise nature of the murmur can vary.

Question 13

Describe the aetiology of Exocrine pancreatic insuffciency (EPI)

Answer 13

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) isthe inability to produce sufficient pancreatic enzymes needed to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Question 14

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of EPI

Answer 14

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is caused by decreased production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas.

Question 15

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in a dog suffering from EPI

Answer 15

polyphagia, weight loss, and loose stools.

Question 16

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and

Describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique
EPI

Answer 16

History and clinical signs (though signs common to many other intestinal problems)

Faecal examination revealing large amounts of undigested fat in faeces

Serum Trypsin-like immunoreactivity – looking for low levels to confirm disease, external lab test, confirms diagnosis

Question 17

Describe the aetiology of Epilepsy

Answer 17

Neurological condition arising from disruption of forebrain function

Idiopathic epilepsy is the most common- cause unknown but genetic link suspected in a number of breeds including Border Collies, Hungarian Visla and Labradors

Question 18

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Epilepsy

Answer 18

Disordered electrical activity of the brain cells – imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory signals

tonic clonic seziures

Partial or generalised

Generalised – dogs

Partial – cats

Three phases

Pre-ictal

Ictal

Post-ictal

Prolonged seizing – status epilepticus (more than 5 mins)

Question 19

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Epilepsy

Answer 19

Period prior to seizure
Feels uneasy
Altered behaviour pattern
Anxious and restless
Episode of fitting
Collapse and unconsciousness
Action varies animal to animal
Clonic paddling spasms or tonic spasms
Spasms of jaw muscles
Vocalisation
Incontinence
Recovery period
Extreme tiredness
Hunger
Ataxia
Compulsive walking
Dazed
May last several hours

Question 20

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and

Describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique.
- Epilepsy

Answer 20

History and clinical signs are very important and accompanied by a physical and neurological exam may lead the VS to diagnosis

Blood testing may be carried out to rule out other causes – infection, toxicity, glucose, uraemia

MRI and/or CT – advanced imaging may help to visualise lesions in the CNS, requires GA.sedation

CSF tap – usually performed under sedation/GA and evaluated for presence of inflammatory cells etc., external lab or referral

Question 21

Describe the aetiology of Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)

Answer 21

Retrovirus from the oncornavirus (cancer causing) group
Incubation period: Months to years
Transmission- Excreted in saliva or transplancental
Direct - grooming, bites
The primary differential diagnosis for FeLV is FIV

Question 22

Briefly explain the pathophysiology FeLV

Answer 22

Transmission - Direct contact with infected feline through saliva, body fluids, urine and faeces

Virus replicates in the lymphoid tissue and enters lymphocytes and monocytes

Transported around the body where it then eventually enters the bone marrow

In some cats, persistent infection with the virus can lead to immune suppression, neoplasia or anaemia

Outcome is variable – depends on many factors, including cats immune response

Question 23

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - FeLV

Answer 23

Immunosuppression

Recurrent infections

Anaemia

Tumour development eg lymphoma, leukaemias

Lethargy

Diarrhoea

Guarded diagnosis, most die within 3-4yrs of diagnosis

Question 24

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and

Describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique - FeLV

Answer 24

SNAP ELISA for serum antigen, patient side rapid result, in a healthy patient any positive test should be repeated in 12 weeks! (may rid themselves of virus)

PCR – isolation of viral genetic material to confirm where the ELISA result is questionable, sent to external lab

Virus isolation – not commonly done gets sent to external lab

Question 25

Describe the aetiology of Feline Upper Respiratory Disease (FURD)

Answer 25

Aetiology: Can be caused by a number of agents: Feline Herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) Feline Calicivirus (FCV) Bordetella bronchiseptica Chlamydophila felis

Question 26

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of FURD

Answer 26

Transmission - Transmission: Direct contact with an infected animal Inhalation/aerosol – spread by sneezing Indirect contact with contaminated fomites FHV-1 persists for approx. 18 hours in the environment. FCV 1 persist for a week Most FHV-1 patients become carriers, with intermittent shedding after stressful episodes (1-10 days) Some cats become FCV carriers (most stop within a year) and excrete the virus continually via oro-nasal secretions Replicates in the tissues of the upper respiratory tract and ocular systems -> epithelial necrosis Irritation to the pharynx, larynx and trachea Rare signs: reproductive and dermatological signs Secondary bacterial infections common as result of damage

Question 27

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign FURD

Answer 27

Anorexia Pyrexia Depression Sneezing Conjunctivitis Hypersalivation

Question 28

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and Describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique FURD

Answer 28

Often based on history (unvaccinated) and clinical signs Swab taken from oropharyngeal area to isolate causative agents (may be negative in carrier cats)

Question 29

Describe the aetiology of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus (GDV)

Answer 29

Not completely understood Large breed dogs, deep chested dogs commonly effected. Great Danes, Weimaraner's, St Bernard and English Setters . Some increased incidence if relatives have had GDV. Fed once daily or history of recent large meal. Exercise immediately before or after feeding. (Possible associated with dry food)

Question 30

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of GDV

Answer 30

Stomach dilates and rotates into a twisted position where upon gas cannot escape. Distension of the stomach fills the abdominal cavity putting pressure on the caudal vena cava and disrupting venous return to the heart. Pressure on diaphragm may compromise breathing leading to poor ventilation and damage to body tissues. Necrosis of gastric wall/splenic tissue can occur due to distruptioon of blood supply to these areas

Question 31

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign GDV

Answer 31

Restlessness Retching Anterior abdominal swelling* Dyspnoea Collapse Shock Death *note that in very large breeds swelling of the stomach may not be obvious as the stomach lies under the ribs

Question 32

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and Describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique GDV

Answer 32

Based on presenting signs and a high index of suspicion in large deep chested dogs History and clincial signs Tympany of abdomen X-rays to confirm existance of bloat and may be suggestive of torsion Nature and extent confirmed at surgery

Question 33

Describe the aetiology of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 33

Functional thyroid tumour Usually benign adenomatous hyperplasia (rarely cancerous) of the thyroid gland May affect one or both lobes (also ectopic tissue) Inciting cause theorised but unknown

Question 34

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Hyperthiroidsm

Answer 34

Affected gland overproduces thyroxine This leads to a hypermetabolic state As thyroxine affects a number of body tissues there are a wide range of clinical signs seen Complications such as hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may occur

Question 35

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Hyperthyroidism

Answer 35

Polyphagia Weight loss Hyperactive/aggressive or restless Tachycardia Vomiting and diarrhoea Poor coat/unkempt Polydipsia

Question 36

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Hyperthyriodism

Answer 36

History and clinical signs including physical examination which may confirm a goitre Blood test – high T4 levels confirm diagnosis, can be done in practice Scintigraphy – imaging using radioisotopes, referral required, can help identify ectopic thyroid tissue too Evaluation of cardiac function eg. Ultrasound is recommended in case of concurrent HCM

Question 37

Describe the aetiology of Hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 37

Also termed Cushing’s Syndrome/Disease Increased blood cortisol levels Middle-aged to older dogs, rare in cats Aetiology; Caused by either Pituitary tumour – increased production of ACTH (most common) Adrenal tumour – direct increase of cortisol Both lead to increased serum cortisol

Question 38

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 38

Overactive tissue in pituitary or adrenal gland leads to increased production of cortisol High levels of cortisol lead to hyperglycaemia and inhibit ADH – leading to PUPD High cortisol also causes protein catabolism leading to muscle wasting and poor wound healing Cortisol affects hair growth and distribution of fat

Question 39

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 39

Polyuria Polydipsia Weight loss Alopecia (flanks) Pot bellied Hepatomegaly Muscle weakness Panting Thinning of the skin

Question 40

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. Hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 40

Imaging – ultrasonography of abdomen or MRI/CT to establish presence of renal or pituitary mass History and clinical signs may be suggestive (particularly where a range of signs are present) however due to nature of disease diagnosis should be performed prior to starting treatment ACTH stimulation test –blood at 0 and 1hrs, inj with acth after first blood sample, short stay for patient,  generally used for therapeutic monitoring rather than initial diagnosis, sensitive test but not specific

Question 41

Describe the aetiology of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 41

Common in cats Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a condition that causes the muscular walls of a cat’s heart to thicken, decreasing the heart’s efficiency and sometimes creating symptoms in other parts of the body

Question 42

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 42

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a condition affecting the left ventricle. The walls of the ventricle become thick and stiff, interfeing with the relaxation of the heart, the entricles cant fill properly with blood therefore only a small amount of blood is available to pump forward. This results in decreased cardiac output.

Question 43

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 43

Dyspnoea and tachypnoea Tachycardia and a gallop rhythm Heart murmer

Question 44

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 44

Echocardiography, blood tests for hyperthyroidism and renal function

Question 45

Describe the aetiology of IMHA (Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia)

Answer 45

IMHA is a disease where the body's immine system destroys its own RBC. This leads to anaemia and poor oxygen delivery to multiple organs such as the kidneys, liver and brain. Dogs and cats are effected by this condition

Question 46

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia

Answer 46

IMHA in dogs and cats can be triggered by different factors including infectious organisms, tumours and even drugs. Can be idiopathic

Question 47

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia

Answer 47

Can have mild symptoms like lethargy Yellow tinge in eyes, mouth or skin this is due to staining of the mucous membranes with bilirubin whihc gets released into the circulation when large numbers of RBCs are destroyed

Question 48

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia (IMHA)

Answer 48

Clinical signs, blood tests and examination of a blood smear X-rays and abdominal ultrasound can check for infectious organisms

Question 49

Describe the aetiology of Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Answer 49

KCS also known as dry eye is a reduction in aquenous tear production from the lacrimal and third eyelid gland results in an overproduction of mucus as an attempt to keep the cornea moist

Question 50

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Keratoconjuctiviris sicca

Answer 50

Condition is most commonly immune mediated but may also br caused by drug toxicity

Question 51

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Answer 51

Vascularisation and ulceration Recurrent conjunctivitis Mucoid discharge on and around the surface of the eye

Question 52

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Answer 52

A schirmer tear test will show insuffcient tear production this test should be repeated

Question 53

Describe the aetiology of Laryngeal paralysis

Answer 53

Common cause of dyspnoea in older large-breed dogs, it is a diease which causes difficulty breathing

Question 54

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of Laryngeal Paralysis

Answer 54

The muscles that hold the larynx open during inspiration become paralysed and the larynx collapses as the dog tries to breathe in

Question 55

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Laryngeal paralysis

Answer 55

Marked dsponea, stridor (audible whistling noise) on inspiration Cyanosis and hyperthermia

Question 56

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Laryngeal paralysis

Answer 56

Clinical history and physical examination Laryngoscopy under a light plane of anaesthesia is confirmatory

Question 57

Describe the aetiology of a Mast Cell Tumour

Answer 57

Neoplasia affecting the histiocytes (Mast cells) Certain breeds are predisposed Different grades of tumour from benign to highly malignant

Question 58

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of a Mast Cell Tumour

Answer 58

Mast cells undergo malignant transformation, behaviour varies between grades Degranulation of mast cells in the tumour can lead to systemic signs Often skin tumours

Question 59

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Mast Cell Tumour

Answer 59

Some can occur in the subcutaneous layer Higher grade masses/histamine release have association with swelling, inflammation and ulceration

Question 60

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Mast Cell Tumour

Answer 60

Biopsy - assess grade can be incisional or excisiomal Detection of mets by either radiography with CT or MRI Evaluation of local lymph nodes to assist with grading

Question 61

Describe the aetiology of Mitral Valve disease

Answer 61

The mitral valve undergoes degnerative change, thickening and becoming floppier. Can be inherited or genetic in some breeds. Can be associated with a heart murmer and more commonly seen in older smaller breed dogs

Question 62

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of mitral valve disease

Answer 62

Changes to the mitral valve results in the valve leaking, producing a murmer and making harder for the heart to pump blood round the body. Condition usually worsens and can eventually lead to heart failure

Question 63

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - mitral valve diease

Answer 63

Collapse/fainting Coughing Heart murmer Weight loss

Question 64

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Mitral valve disease

Answer 64

ECG to evaluate heart rhythm Blood pressure checks to show if heart muscle is under pressue X-rays to show if there is any fluid in the lungs as this is a common complcation of heart disease and to show if the patinets hearthas changed in size

Question 65

Describe the aetiology of osteoarthiritis

Answer 65

Common cause of lameness Can develop as a result of underlyinig deformity or trauma eg cruciate rupture, fracture etc

Question 66

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthirits

Answer 66

Characterised by degenaration of articular cartilage often assiciated with the formation of new bone at joint surface, may have a gradual onset but may also occur acutely Osteoarthiritis can be a primart disease of joint cartilage but it is often more secondary to abnormla stresses on joints

Question 67

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - osteoarthiritis

Answer 67

Stiffness/lameness which is worse after rest, more commonly seen is dogs Reluctant to jump up/climb Reduced ROM of affected joiny Alteration to gait Muscle atrophy in affected limb(S)

Question 68

Describe the aetiology of osteosarcoma

Answer 68

Primary malignant neoplasm of bone tissue Large breeds are most commonly affected as well as middle aged/older dogs

Question 69

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of an osteosarcoma

Answer 69

Osteocyres undergo maliganant tranformation leading to the formation of swelling or boney growth and destruction of bone architectrue Damage to bone tissue may lead to weak bones and pathological fracture Metastasis often occurs Usually found in the metaphysis of long bones

Question 70

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - Osteosarcoma

Answer 70

Lameness, due to pain/deformity of limb Swelling of site, due to infiltration of eoplastic tissue Pathological fracture, due to weaking of the bone Coughing, may be seen due to secondary spread

Question 71

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Osteosarcoma

Answer 71

Biopsy, provides difinitive diagnosis radiography, limbs and bones and x-ray lung fields to check for metasatis which may be suggestive of osteosarcs however not difinitive MRI/CT for the above reasons but may need refferal

Question 72

Describe the aetiology of Pancreatitis

Answer 72

Often idiopathic but can be linked to: A high fat diet Some druges, eg. corticisterioids Can occur secondary to trauma or certain toxins Acute in dogs Chronic in cats - Irritable Bowel Disease, can lead to EPI or diabetes mellitus

Question 73

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of pancreatitis

Answer 73

1) Pancreatic enzymes are activated prematurely within the pancrease or are unable to exit into the duodenum 2) The presence of these enzymes within pancreatic tissue results in auto-digestion of the pancreatic tissue 3)This process causes inflammation and nercrosis of pancreas

Question 74

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - pancreatitis

Answer 74

Acute - anterior abdominal pain (praying position), omiting, depression, shock, pyrexia, dehydration, anorexia Chronic - more vague and variable

Question 75

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique - pancreatitis

Answer 75

1) History, clinical signs and clinical examination 2) CPL test for dogs, FPL for cats - blood tests measure serum pancreatic lipse which indicates pancreatic damage 3) Trypin - like immunoreactivity (TH), amylase, lipase and blood tests - this is less specific in cats

Question 76

Describe the aetiology of parvovirus

Answer 76

CPV-2 common strain Can be harboured by cats, affects weaned, puppies 8-12 weeks or unvaccinated adults Transmission- Indirect contact with contaminatined faeces/environment Direct contact with an animal

Question 77

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of parvovirus

Answer 77

Affects the rapidly dividing cells in the gut wall and lymphiod tissue e.g bone marrow - this supresses immune response Multiplies in small intestine crypt lining cells - destroys lining so can't absorb nutrients Sever cases - severe comprimie of intesting resulting in bacterial invasion into the bloodsteam

Question 78

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - parvovirus

Answer 78

depression, anorexia, severe weight loss, dehydration, haemorrhage, shock of endotoxis cross gut wall

Question 79

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Parvovirus

Answer 79

History andClinical signs Faecal tesitng, ELISA detectd CPV-2 antigen, some flase negatives Faecal PCR detects CPV-2 DNA Post mortem Serum anitibody

Question 80

Describe the aetiology of a pyometra

Answer 80

Bacterial infection of the uterus, often involving E.coli Common in unspayed older bitches who have had several seasons May have history of hormone therapy for mismating/heat suppression

Question 81

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of a pyometra

Answer 81

Cystic changes in the uterus, CEH - cystic endometral hyperplasisa and bacterial infection occuring during the oestrous phase Open cervix allows entry of bacteria into the uterus Large accumulation of pus due to immune respone of phagocytes Bacterial toxins enter the bloodstream leading to toxaemia

Question 82

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - pyometra

Answer 82

Vomiting, pyrexia, anorexia, depression, vaginal discharge- mucopurulent, distended abdomen

Question 83

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Pyometra

Answer 83

History post season and clinical signs Dischrage and evidence of enlarged abdomen Radiography - can indicate enlarged uterus Ultrasoun - confirms presence of distended uterus and visualisation of uterin lining Bloods - haematology leucocyte cound indicates infection

Question 84

Describe the aetiology of tracheal collapse

Answer 84

Exact cause is unclear Combination of - genetics, nutrition, allergic triggers

Question 85

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of tracheal collapse

Answer 85

Teacheal cartilage is weakened or incompletely formed Unable to maintian a patent trachea During inspiratio, cervical portion of trachea collapses leading to airway obstruction Thoracic portion collapses during expiration

Question 86

Describe clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - tracheal collapse

Answer 86

Coughing at exercise Geese honk Respiratory disress Concurrent disease, heart, cushings, other respiratory disease

Question 87

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique.- tracheal collapse

Answer 87

1) History and clinical signs 2) Consider breed 3) Endoscopy (Broncoscopy) of trachea - graded on severity 4) Chest radiography however less reliable

Question 88

Describe the aetiology of urolithiasis/feline lower urinary tract disease

Answer 88

idiopathic cystitis urolithiasis (stones) crystals (ureathral plug) infecton - very rare muti cat household, stress can trigger underactive, overweight, neutered cats

Question 89

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of urolithiasis/feline lower urinary tract disease

Answer 89

1) Irratation/inflammation of the bladder wall, urethra, may result in recurrent cystitis 2) Urolithis/ urethral plags may cayse urinary obstructuon- complete obstruction is an emergency 3) Trauma damage may result in bladder wall dysfunction or rupture of the urinary tract Inability to void urine leads to azotaemia and can be associated with accute renal failure

Question 90

Describe THREE clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign urolithiasis/feline lower urinary tract disease

Answer 90

cystitis, pollakuria, dysuria, haematuria pain blockage, oliguria, anuria incontinece varying frequency/volume of urine licking external genitalia anorexia and dyhyrdation depression

Question 91

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. urolithiasis/feline lower urinary tract disease

Answer 91

1) History and clincical signs 2) observation micturition 3) Neuro examinaion 4) Urinalysis and bloods 5) Radiography and ultrasound

Question 92

Describe the aetiology of wobblers

Answer 92

Complex- some genetic compoment Large dog breeds predisposed - great danes and dobermans Nutrional factors may play a role - protien

Question 93

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of wobblers

Answer 93

Narrowing of the cervical vertebral canal due to developmental abnormalites of vertabrae (young dogs) Degenarative changes can occur in older dogs leading to narrowing of the cervical vertebral canal Narrowed canal impinges upon the spinal cord causing compression and thus resulting in a neurological deficit

Question 94

Describe THREE clinical signs that may be seen in this patient and explain the reason for each sign - wobblers

Answer 94

Inco-ordinated gait - ataxia Pelvic limbs wear, may scruff nails Look wobbly, Neck pain May lead to paralysis Grading scale

Question 95

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique. - Wobblers

Answer 95

History and clinical signs may lead to suspicion particularly in affected breeds physical examination - full neurological exam Radiography and mylography, CSF analysis and MRI would provide difnitive diagnosis

Question 96

Select TWO diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of this condition and describe each technique & Explain the rationale for the selection of that technique - Osteoarthiritis

Answer 96

Physical examinaton orientated towards affected joint or joints, palpating the limbs and joints to assess for painful respon, thicking of the joint capsule, accumulation of joint fluid (effusion) or sometimes muscle atrophy MRI can provide information regarding soft tissue structures (and CT is good for assessing bone structural changes in joints with more complex anatomy such as elbow, carpi or tarsi