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Conditions summary Flashcards

1
Q 
lemon yellow skin 
fatigue 
weight loss
nocturia 
GFR 65
A

G2 stage CKD

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2
Q

treatment of G1-G4 stage CKD (3)

A

ACE inhibitor
statins
lifestyle - decrease Na, K, PO4, fluid restriction

monitor GFR regularly

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3
Q

treatment of G5 stage CKD (established renal failure)

A

dialysis/transplant

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4
Q

CKD diagnosis
bone pain
fractures
vascular calcification

A

CKD mineral bone disease (causing secondary hyperparathyroidism bc calcium turn into calcium phosphate so is actually low)

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5
Q

CKD mineral bone disease treatment

A

alfacidol (hydroxylated vit D)

phosphate binders eg calcium carbonate

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6
Q

diarrhoea
oliguria (<0.5ml/kg/hour)
creatinine has more than doubled in last 24 hours

A

pre renal AKI (hypo perfusion)

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7
Q

untreated pre renal AKI (from hypoperfusion)

muddy brown casts of epithelial cells

A

acute tubular necrosis

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8
Q

treatment of acute tubular necrosis

A

fluids

bc the cause is untreated hypovolaemia

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9
Q

old person/alcoholic thats collapsed and lay on floor for 2 days before being found
oliguria <0.5ml/kg/hour
‘coca cola urine’

A

rhabdomyolysis causing renal AKI

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10
Q

AKI with inadequate monitoring (lazy nurses)

arrhythmias

A

hyperkalaemia

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11
Q

treatment of hyperkalaemia (associated with AKI) (4)

A

calcium gluconate
insulin dextrose
salbutamol nebulised
dialysis if K>7

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12
Q

proteinuria/haematuria

caused by either drugs (gold, penicillin, NSAIDs) or immune (lupus, ANCA pos vasculitis, good pastures)

A

glomerulonephritis

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13
Q

treatment of glomerulonephritis generally

A

ACE inhibitor/ARB

steroids (prednisolone 40-60mg)

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14
Q

glomerulonephritis
1-3 weeks after URTI
glomerular crescents on histology of biopsy

A

acute rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

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15
Q

glomerulonephritis
rusty coloured urine after recent URTI/gastroenteritis
mesangial proliferation = haematuria
HSP purpuric skin rash on extensor surfaces

A

IgA nephropathy

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16
Q 
chromosome 16 mutation 
in adults 
chronic flank pain 
palpable kidney 
hypertension! (with no other cause)

10 years later - hepatic cysts, berrys aneurysm

A

polycystic kidney disease (PCK) autosomal dominant

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17
Q

treatment of polycystic kidney disease (PCK) (autosomal recessive and dominant)

A

ACE inhibitor/ARB

tolvaptan

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18
Q 
chromosome 6 mutation 
renal failure with hepatic lesions in a kid
hypertension 
abdo mass 
renal failure
A

autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (PCK)

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19
Q 
sensorineural hearing loss 
haematuria 
bulging of lens in eye 
x linked genetic condition 
thickened glomerular basement membrane from type IV collagen deposition
A

alports syndrome

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20
Q

lysosomal storage disease (every where = hence lots of random symptoms)
angiokeratoma (blue dots in umbilical area)
renal failure

A

Anderson fabrys disease

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21
Q

alports syndrome treatment

A

ACE inhibitor/ARB

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22
Q

Anderson fabrys disease treatment

A

fabrysyme enzyme replacement

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23
Q

20 y/o
genetic condition causing decreased kidney size
= polyuria, polydipsia, enuresis (unable to concentrate urine)

A

medullary cystic kidney

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24
Q

treatment of medullary cystic kidney

A

transplant (bc young)

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25
genetic condition | renal medulla looks like a sponge from dilation of collecting ducts
medullary sponge kidney
26
tuberose sclerosis patient abdo mass CT scan - lots of fat and blood vessels in kidney
angiomyolipoma (fat/blood vessel filled benign renal tumour)
27
fluid filled lumps in kidney picked up as an incidental finding on US/CT asymptomatic, no pain
benign renal cyst
28
benign renal cyst treatment
nothing - reassure patient
29
central scar in kidney on CT abdo mass nephrectomy - but not a renal cell carcinoma (couldnt tell until you took it out)
oncocytoma
30
most common abdo mass in kids
nephroblastoma (wilms tumour)
31
``` 60 y/o male obese haematuria flank pain abdo mass hypertension ``` mass in kidney >3cm on CT
renal cell carcinoma (though probs cant tell until you take it out, might be a oncocytoma)
32
treatment of renal cell carcinoma (4)
``` ?????? check this full nephrectomy - rare, if big PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY - to retain some GFR radio ablation - if small tyrosinekinase inhibitors ```
33
loin to groin pain 10/10 pain, nothing makes it better sudden onset KUB xray then CT done
kidney stones
34
kidney stones initial treatment (3)
NSAIDs for pain thiazide diuretic alpha blocker
35
kidney stones treatment 1 month after initial presentation and still present
stent
36
woman recently married painful peeing (dysuria) no microorganisms on culture
honeymoon cystitis (damage to urethra causing cystitis (inflammation))
37
supra pubic pain burning pain when passing urine nocturia haematuria
lower UTI (Cystitis)
38
``` loin pain fever rigors malaise dysuria (pain/burning when passing urine) ```
upper UTI (pyelonephritis)
39
UTI treatment (4 options)
uncomplicated - trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin PO 3 days males cystitis - trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin PO 7 days complicated in GP - coamoxiclav/cotrimoxazole PO 14 days complicated in hospital - amoxicillin/cotrimoxazole AND gentamicin IV 3 days
40
honeymoon cystitis treatment
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (not an infection)
41
chronic smoker | leakage when coughing/laughing
stress incontinence
42
drinks caffeine | leakage when hearing water running/standing up
urge incontinence
43
stress incontinence treatment
stop smoking, increase exercise, loose weight bladder retraining duloxetine (rarely) transvaginal tape
44
urge incontinence treatment
decrease caffeine/alcohol oxybutynin (antimuscarinic) botox injection
45
``` >50 y/o worked in a dye factory smoker painless haematuria sea anemone on cystoscopy ```
transitional cell bladder cancer
46
transitional cell bladder treatment
TURBT cystectomy stoma for urine
47
painless haematuria | schistosomiasis bladder infection
squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
48
>65 y/o bone pain (osteosclerotic mets) weight loss haematuria, no other urinary symptoms investigation and result
prostate cancer PR exam - hard, asymmetrical PSA high
49
prostate cancer treatment
hormone therapy - if low risk OR surgery/chemo - if high risk radiotherapy - if bone mets
50
urinary symptoms - incomplete voiding, urgency smooth symmetrically enlarged prostate on PR exam PSA high
benign prostatic hyperplasia
51
benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment
alpha blocker (tamsulosin)) 5 alpha reductase inhibitor (finasteride) TURP surgery
52
``` painless testicular swelling 20-30 y/o looks like a potato on pathology PLAP tumour marker lymphatic spread ```
seminoma
53
``` painless testicular swelling 30-50 y/o cysts, haemorrhage etc on pathology AFP and bHCG tumour marker haematogenous spread ```
teratoma
54
seminoma testicular cancer treatment
surgery (orchidectomy) and radiotherapy
55
teratoma testicular cancer treatment
surgery (orchidectomy) and chemo
56
neonate nausea and vomiting, systemically unwell red and bruised testicle
testicular torsion
57
teenager wakes up in the middle of the night with excruciating scrotal pain bellclappers deformity red and bruised testicle
testicular torsion
58
testicular torsion treatment
emergency surgery
59
teenager wakes up in the middle of the night with excruciating scrotal pain blue dot on inspection
torsion of appendage
60
teenager wakes up in the middle of the night with excruciating scrotal pain red and bruised scrotum take them to theatre and no testicular torsion
epididymitis
61
red and swollen testicle but with little pain itchy red groin
idiopathic scrotal oedema
62
idiopathic scrotal oedema treatment
antihistamines pain relief if necessary NOT surgery
63
painful swelling of foreskin
paraphimosis
64
prolonged erection >4 hours
priapism
65
priapism treatment if ischaemic
blood aspiration
66
priapism treatment if non ischaemic
cold packs, compression
67
``` genital swelling used to be cellulitis (swollen, red) now has purple areas crepitus air spaces on xray ```
fourniers gangrene (necrotising fasciitis of male genitalia)
68
fourniers gangrene (necrotising fasciitis of male genitalia) treatment
antibiotics and debridement

J Renal (12 decks)

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