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Conflict And Tension Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Paris Peace Conference

A

January 1919

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2
Q

What did Clemenceau want at the Peace Conference?

A

To cripple Germany and ensure they could not attack again

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3
Q

Why did Clemenceau want to cripple Germany

A

Most of the fighting had taken place in France; The Germans had destroyed mines, railways, factories, bridges, and farmland. The French had suffered the most deaths and the country wanted revenge!

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4
Q

What did Lloyd George want at the Peace Conference and how did this compare to the British public?

A

The British public wanted revenge as many British youths died.

However, David Lloyd George was cautious; he wanted to trade with Germany and kept the British Empire by taking German colonies and reducing her navy. He was worried that treating Germany too harshly could lead to the Germans wanting revenge.

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5
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson want from the Peace Conference?

A

No fighting had taken place in America and they had made money selling weapons to the allies so there was no desire for revenge.

Woodrow Wilson was an idealist; he wanted a world free from war (by setting up a League of Nations), the right to self-determination (countries to rule themselves) and freedom of the seas (called the 14 points)

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6
Q

What is the acronym for the terms of the Treaty

A

Land
Army
Money
Blame

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7
Q

How was Germany’s territory affected

A

13% of land lost
Alsace Lorraine lost
Saar was given to France
Mandates lost

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8
Q

What was the result of the territory being lost?

A

It felt like German land and people were being stolen. Some Germans now live in other countries like France or Poland.

Created huge money problems – a big portion of industry and agriculture was taken from an already bankrupt country

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9
Q

How was Germany’s army affected

A

Reduced to 1,000 men
No airforce
Limited navy (6 battleships no submarines)
Demilitarised Rhineland

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10
Q

What was the result of the army being lost?

A

Humiliation and loss of morale for the Germans, who were once strong.

Army soldiers lost their jobs and had to join the Freikorps

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11
Q

What were the effects of Germany’s reparations?

A

£6.6B which led to an economic crisis as the Weimar were sure they could not pay it

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12
Q

What 3 other conditions were in the treaty

A

The War Guilt Clause
Germany could not join the LoN
Anschluss was banned

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13
Q

How did the British feel about the ToV

A

They saw Lloyd George as a hero as he got colonies for England and restricted Germany’s navy

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14
Q

How did the French feel about the ToV

A

They all thought it should’ve been harsher and voted Clemenceau out of parliament as a result.

Clemenceau had had to compromise and allow Germany a small army. He also wanted the Saar coalfield permanently given to France and the reparation sum was too small!

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15
Q

How did America feel about the ToV

A

They joined the war in 1917, took no damage, and made a profit so there was no need for revenge. They favored isolationism.

Wilson was happy the League of Nations was created and Eastern European countries had self-determination. However, the American Senate refused to ratify (agree) to the treaty as it did not use Wilson’s 14 points so America did not join the LoN

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16
Q

How did the Germans feel about the ToV

A

They initially assumed the treaty would guarantee world peace (14 points) as the Kaiser was blamed for starting the war and with him gone, no punishment was necessary

The German people were shocked by the severity of the Treaty. Germany had not been allowed to negotiate and therefore it was a Diktat. The German Government wanted to reject the Treaty but felt they had no choice but to sign it. The people immediately hated them and became known as the November Criminals.

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What are the aims of the LoN

A

Stop war from breaking out
Encouraging disarmament
Improve working conditions
Tackle diseases

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19
Q

What did the LoN set up to establish international laws

A

Permanent Court of International Justice

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20
Q

In what three ways did the League plan to deal with aggression

A

Mitigation (getting countries together to discuss problems)

Moral condemnation (reprimanding nationsand their leaders for their unacceptable behaviours and unjust involvement in world affairs )

Economic sanctions (members of the League would cease trading with warring countries

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21
Q

What 5 sections did the League consist of

A

Assembly
Council
Secretariat (paperwork)
Court of International Justice
Committees

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22
Q

How many countries were in the assembly and how often did they meet

A

All member states who met once a year

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23
Q

How did they vote in the assembly

A

Every country had an equal vote buy decisions had to be unanimous

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24
Q

What 4 countries were in the council

A

The council consisting of Britain, France, Italy and Japan met more frequently

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25
What power did the council have
The council could veto and stop a ruling with its vote
26
Name some examples of Committees of the League
Health Slavery Disarmament
27
What did the Slavery and Health Committee do?
Slavery freed 80,000 slaves from Sierra Leone and the Health Committee prevented malaria
28
What was the role of the Permanent Court of International Justice
They settled international disputes but they were weak as they could only advise
29
What is the Locarno Treaty of 1925
France and Germany agreed to work together peacefully and Germany agreed to the borders of the ToV
30
What was the significance of the Locarno Treaty
The League was not involved as Germany suggested the Treaty and they were not a part of the League. It showed improving international relations between Germany and other countries under Gustav Streseman, paving the way to Germany joining the League in 1926
31
What was the Kellog Briand Pact of 1928
Signed by 65 countries, including Germany, who agreed that war would not be used to solve disputes. The League was not involved (USA signed)
32
What and when was the Washington Arms Conference
1921-22 it was a meeting where major countries like GB, USA, Japan and France agreed on the maximum size of their navies L of N was not the one pushing for disarmament and countries like GB and France attended independently of the L of N
33
Was the LoN very useful in terms of international relations
The L of N was set up to encourage cooperation between countries to stop war. Therefore, you would expect the L of N to be involved in all major international discussions, conferences, and agreements. However – this did not always happen – the L of N was left out of some major international agreements.
34
What were the successes of the League between countries?
Aaland Island Dispute 1921 Greek/Bulgaria Crisis 1925
35
What were the failures of the League between countries
Vilna (1920) Upper Silesia (21-25) Corfu (1923)
36
What happened in the Vilna dispute 1920
After ww1 countries in the Astro-Hungarian empire gained independence so new countries like Poland and Lithuania were created. Vilna was to be the capital of Lithuania however a majority living there wanted to be Polish so a Polish army took control and Lithuania asked the League for help. The League told Poland to remove its army but they refused. France saw Poland as a potential ally against Germany and refused to help and Britain would not send troops without the support of other countries so Poland took Vilna
37
What happened in the Upper Silesia dispute of 1921-25?
US was on the border of Germany and Poland and has citizens of each country living there. Both wanted to claim the area as it was important to iron and steel production In 1921 a plebiscite was organised and the British and French sent troops to make sure voting was fair. Germany won 60% of the votes, but the Poles claimed that those who voted for Germany didn't live there anymore. The league split US into regions based on where votes were condensed so Germany received the rural areas and Poland got the Industrial areas. Both countries agreed with the outcome. The final settlement was considered unfair by Poles as they had more people and less land. Germans also complained that they had lost 3/4 of their coal mines (a valuable source of income). This resulted in worsened relations between Germany and Poland
38
What happened in the Aaland Island Dispute?
Sweden and Finland claimed the Aaland Islands and threatened war on each other. The League investigated both of their claims. They decided the islands should go to Finland, however they could not build any forts to use as a base to attack Sweden.
39
What happened in the Bulgaria dispute
Greek soldiers were killed on the Bulgarian border so the Greeks attacked and Bulgaria appealed to the League for help. The League condemned the Greeks and ordered them to withdraw their troops and pay compensation. Greece believed that the League was being hypocritical as Mussolini got away with similar actions in Corfu 1923. The problem was that Greece was a small country who were unwilling to risk poor relations with powerful members of the League like Britian and France
40
What happened in the Corfu Crisis
An Italian and his team were murdered in Greece while surveying an area to decide the borders between Greece and Albania. When Mussolini hears of this he was furious and blamed the Greek government. He demanded that the murderers be executed and that compensation be payed, however, the Greeks did not know who did it. Mussolini invaded and occupied Corfu and killed 15 people. Greece appealed to the League who condemned Mussolini but agreed that GREECE should pay the compensation. Italy still wasn't satisfied so they complained to the Conference of Ambassadors (a group of powerful countries including Britain france and Japan) and persuaded them to undermine the League Greece was forced to apologise and pay compensation directly to Italy. Mussolini did not withdraw his troops
41
When was the wall street crash
1929
42
How did the Great Depression affect the League of Nations
Hitler and Mussolini were not afraid to use violence to get what they wanted and they weren't scared of moral condemnation The League did not have an army to fight aggressive dictators so it relied on the League elites who were reluctant due to the costs The only sanction the League could give are economic which didn't work as countries could trade with the USA and countries were not willing to stop trade as it would be detrimental to their own country's economy
43
When was the Manchuria crisis
1931
44
What was the cause of the Manchuria crisis
Manchuria was an area rich in natural resources such as coal and iron ore Japan was becoming a crowded nation and Manchuria offered 200,000 Square kilos of space.
45
What happened in the Manchuria crisis
There was an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway and the Japanese claimed it was attacked by Chinese. Chinese denied and said that their soldiers had been asleep at the time The Japanese army used this as an excuse to attack Manchuria and won. The Japanese were happy with the victory
46
What were the consequences of the Manchuria crisis
The League did not want to fight Lord Lytton sent out a moral condemnation a year later Japan ignored the Lytton Report, left the League and continued taking over Chinese land
47
What were the causes of the Abyssinian crisis
Abyssinia was rich in natural resources and had good land for grazing animals Mussolini believed the invasion would be easy. (Italy had small colonies around Abyssinia)
48
When was the Abyssinian crisis
1935
49
How did the Italians attack the Abyssinians
With chemical weapons
50
How did the Abyssinians retaliate
With spears
51
What did the League do to "stop" Italy
A moral condemnation was issued, They didn't block the Suez canal There was a trade sanction on weapons and resources (rather than oil or coal) for BOTH countries
52
What was the name of the Pact in the Abyssinian crisis
Hoare-Laval Pact
53
Why did the League not close the Suez canal
They didn't want to upset Mussolini and encourage him to ally with Hitler
54
When did Italy leave the League of Nations
1936
55
Who was left running the League after Italy and Japan left and what was the result of this
Britain, France and the USSR No one respected the League as their days as the international police had ended unsuccessfully
56
What were the consequences of the Abyssinia crisis
League was seen as weak League's success depended on Britain and France Britain and France showed they acted in self-interest Mussolini was upset by the actions of the League and he moved closer to Hitler and in 1936 signed the Rome –Berlin Axis. In 1937 Italy left the League Dictators such as Hitler saw that aggression paid off. Small countries knew the L of N would not protect them. From this time onwards, almost no one saw the L of N as a serious or powerful organization
57
Why was the League destined to fail
No army Trade sanctions didn't work League had to be unanimous League was too slow to act Depression meant countries were worried about their own problems Depression led people to dictators Br and Fr undermined the League League only effective against smaller countries League only met once a year League was too ambitious
58
What were Hitler's aims
Destroy ToV Rearm Germany Unite Germans (Volksdeutsche) Unite Austria and Germany (Anschluss) Destroy Communism Lebensraum (living space) for Germans
59
What was the order of Hitler's Road to War
Rearmament Remilitarising the Rhineland Anschluss Sudetenland Czechoslovakia Nazi-Soviet Pact Poland
60
Why did Britain and France appease Hitler
They needed time to rearm, their armies were not big enough to fight and win a war Many people in GB thought Hitler was being reasonable because the T of V was too harsh They were concerned about the USSR and thought Hitler could be a valuable ally against Communism Countries could not afford to go to war during the Depression and their governments were preoccupied with problems at home People could remember the horrors of WW I: they did not want another war
61
When did Hitler leave the LoN
1933
62
When did Hitler withdraw from the World Disarmament Conference
1933
63
When did he begin to build up the German army
1935
64
What is the luftwaffle
"Air weapon"
65
What did he utilize factories for
Making weapons
66
When did Hitler sign the Anglo-German naval agreement
1935
67
What did the Ango German naval agreement do
It limited the size of the German navy to 35% of the British's and broke the Treaty of Versialles
68
What did Hitler sign in 1934
A 10 year non aggression pact with Poland where he agreed to not take back the Polish corridor
69
What was to the Saar
It was a coal mining field in Germany
70
What happened to the Saar after the ToV
It was given to France for 15 years (they wanted it permanently)
71
What happened in 1935 regarding the Saar
There was a plebiscite and 90% of the people voted for it to go back to Germany
72
What were the consequences of Germany reclaiming the Saar
It was a boost for Hitler as it confirmed his popularity as a new leader It gave valuable resources to Germany such as coal and iron Propaganda celebrated this event
73
What and when waste stress front
The stress front 1935 was an agreement between GB and France and Italy in response to Hitler's remilitarisation. They aimed to resist future attempts by Nazi Germany to change the terms of the ToV
74
Why was the Stresa Feomt short-lived
2 months later, GB signed the Anglo German naval agreement
75
When dis Hitler send his troops into the Rhineland
March 1936
76
How prepared were Hitlers soldiers
I'll prepared and I'll equiped, so they were ordered to retreat at any sign of opposition
77
How successful was storming the Rhineland?
Very. Occupants welcomed the Nazis with open arms and the British and French were not willing to fight so Hitler began to remilitarise
78
What were the English's reasons for lack of action
The Depresssion was causing problems The British argued that "the Germans were only in their own backyard" The British were preoccupied by the Abyssinian crisis
79
What were the French's reason for a lack of action
There was a general election happening in France French soldiers were in Tunisia in case they needed to intervene with Abyssinia Many thought the German army was strong and that they would not win against it
80
What were the consequences of the remilitarisation of the rhine
Gave Hitler more confidence Buffer zone between French and German now gone France wanted to apply pressure buy would not do that without the help of Britain GB and FR missed a chance to stop Hitler
81
When did Hitler sign the Rome Berlin axis
1936
82
What is the Rome Berlin axis
A coalition formed between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler). It later lead to the fact of steel
83
When did Hitler sign the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan
1936
84
What was the Anti-Comintern Pact
An agreement between Germany and Japan to work together against communism
85
What was the Pact of Steel
An agreement between Italy and Germany that formed a military alliance between the two countries and stated they would not seek a separate armistice
86
When did Hitler reform Anschluss
1938
87
How many agreed with Anschluss from a plebiscite
99.75%
88
Why did Hitler want to join with Austria
He was Austrian To unite all German speaking people
89
What were the consequences of Hitler taking over Asutria
Another ToV term broken More power and confidence Hitler gained men and resources Czech was next GB and FR accepted pleb result -weak Another foreign policy achieved for Hitler (uniting German speakers)
90
How did Hitler put the pleb votes in his favour
Stormtroopers outside polling stations Very big yes and very small no Persecution of Jews and Austrians who didn't support Hitler
91
What was the response of the GB
Thought the ToV was too harsh, they felt Austria and Germsny were similar and should unite
92
What was the French response
The French government had recently resigned so they were in no position to get involved
93
How did the Czech feel after Anschluss
Threatened. Germany surrounded their country in his policy of Lebensraum and viewed them as Untermenschen GB and FR claimed they would protect Czech
94
Arguments for appeasement
Preventing another war Harsh ToV Britain was ill prepared for war Hitler was a barrier to prevent Communism
95
Arguments against appeasement
The policy did not keep peace Hitler became stronger GB appeared as weak cowards Hitler broke ToV and gained parts of other countries (Sude) Chamberlain misjudged Hitler
96
What country did the sudentenland belong to
Czech
97
Why did Hitler want to invade Czech
They were slavic and he believed in Aryan supremacy Lebensraum Wealth and resources (coal and iron ore fields) Some German speaking people were in Czech Czech was created by the ToV, which Hitler wanted to destroy
98
What were the events of taking over Czech
Hitler put pressure on the Sudetenland and put his troops on the Czech border. The Czechs knew they were no match for him so they asked GB for help. Chamberlain wanted to avoid conflict so he met up with Hitler 3 times during Sep 1938 to look for a peaceful solution
99
What was the Munich agreement
Where they (GB, FR, IT, GR) agreed to give Hitler the sudentenland Czech and the USSR were not invited. Hitler agreed he wouldn't take over Czech
100
What is the Anglo German Declaration
Germany and Britain agreeing to never go to war again
101
What were the consequences of the Anglo German declaration and the Munich Conference
Europe had been momentarily saved from war Britain and France gained some time to build up their army Czech had been deserted by her allies, however she had to stand by their decision All of Czech's defences were in the sudentenland, so now they were vulnerable Russia was upset at being left out of the conversation and felt Britain and France would not support the USSR if Hitler attacked Poland or Russia
102
When did Hitler take over the Czechslovakia
1939, he ignored the Munich agreement
103
What we're the consequences of Hitler taking over Czech
Showed he could not be trusted Chamberlain felt betrayed Hitler wasn't only uniting German speakers but he was taking land from non Germans France and Britain had to rearm It was clear that Hitler would target Poland next
104
What did ahitler want from Poland
Danzig and the Polish corridor
105
What did ahitler want from Poland
Danzig and the Polish corridor
106
What was Hitler proud of regarding Polands security
He was sure Britain and France would not fight for them
107
When was the Nazi Soviet Pact
1939
108
What was the Nazi Sov Pact
An agreement that Russia and Germany would not fight each other
109
Why did Hitler sign the NSP
He didn't want to fight Stalin He could attack Poland and the West without worry of attacks in his East Front
110
Why did Stalin sign it NSP
He wanted to avoid a war He needed time to build up his army He did not trust Britain and France as he felt they would've wanted a strong Germany to stop Communism
111
What were the consequences of the NSP
Hitler now had a strong ally Britain and France had lost their old "ally"
112
When did Hitler launch war on Poland
September 1st 1939
113
What did Britain do in response?
They sent an ultimatum to withdraw his troops Then Britain declared war

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