Migration Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Who are the Anglo-Saxons?
A
German derived Christians who made up the majority of the English from the 5th century to 1066 AD
2
Q
What was England divided into before it was united?
A
A heptarchy (7 different kingdoms)
3
Q
When and where and why was the first attack on England by the Vikings?
A
Lindisfarne
793 AD
A monastery (on the east coast of Northumbria) as that’s where Anglo Saxons inverted their money
4
Q
After deciding to stay, which part of England did the Vikings attack and when (not lindisfarne)
A
Northumbria / The North in 850AD
5
Q
What was the last of the 7 kingdoms to be ruled by a Saxon and who was the ruler
A
King Alfred (the Great) of Wessex (the strongest of the 7 kingdoms)
6
Q
When and why did the Vikings decide to stay?
A
The Vikings initially came to loot England, however they saw that the land was fertile and there were good environmental resources so they decided to create settlements.
They decided to settle in 850 AD
7
Q
What two Kings were the cause of a united England?
A
Alfred the Great (initially)
And later his grandson
Aethelstan
8
Q
What was the Viking Capital and when was it claimed?
A
York / Jorvik
866 AD
9
Q
Where did the Vikings come from?
A
Scandinavia
Denmark, Norway and Sweden
10
Q
Why did the Vikings invade Britain? (4)
A
● They knew how Wealthy some of the Anglo Saxon Kingdoms had become
● Better farming land
● Oppurtunities for younger brothers who did not inherit land in Scandinavia
● Scandinavia was becoming overcrowded
11
Q
In what battle did the Gurthrum and the Vikings send King Alfred into hiding
A
The Battle of Chippenham (878)
where the Vikings gained temporary control over Wessex
12
Q
How did Alfred defeat the Vikings?
A
●After some successes against the Vikings, Alfred and his army were driven back and forced into hiding
● Whilst hiding Alfred sent secret messages to his soldiers and orchestrated an attack on the Vikings
● Alfred beat the Vikings in 878 AD at the battle of Edington and discussed peace terms with viking leader Guthrum
13
Q
What were the peace terms of Alfred beating the Vikings? (3)
A
● Guthrum became a Christian (and Alfred’s godfather)
● He had to agree not to attack Wessex again
● A boundary had Vikings living in the North of the country (Danelaw - the area of land owned by the Vikings)
14
Q
What happened during Alfred’s reign in Wessex and the Vikings’ in the danelaw? (3)
A
Vikings still attacked
Most Vikings and saxons lived in peace and there was even intermarriage
Trading was done between the two
15
Q
What two rulers had control over the Saxons after Alfred died? And what did they do?
A
Alfred’s son Edward (the Elder) took back most of the land from the Vikings (excluding Northumbria)
Edward’s son Aethelstan took back Northumbria and united England as one (no longer a heptarchy) and even successfully attacks Scotland
16
Q
What was the order of Saxon rulers in England
A
Alfred -> Edward (son) -> Aethelstan (son)
17
Q
Why is Edgar the Peaceful referred to as such?
A
While he was ruling, the kingdom is very stable
18
Q
Who were Edgar the Peaceful’s sons
A
Edward the Martyr and Aethelred
19
Q
How did Aethelred become king?
A
Edward was older, but not a very popular king.
He ruled for 3 years and was then murdered, making Aethelred the heir.
20
Q
Why was Aethelred the Unready known as such?
A
He was a young king and was ill advised by his corrupt ministers and advisers
21
Q
What happened during Aethelred’s reign? (2)
A
The Vikings returned to attack England.
A huge Viking invasion led by Sweyn Forkbeard in 991
The English were badly defeated and had to pay Danegeld (which was very expensive (£900,000 today)) to stop the Vikings from attacking
22
Q
What was the name of the army that attacked Aethelred’s England?
A
Great Heathen Army
23
Q
Why did Aethelred marry Emma of Normandy? (3)
A
Aethelred had to pay the Vikings Danegeld so he had to increase the English’s taxes, however he was disliked for this.
So instead he decided to ally with the Duke of Normany and he agrees that he will not let the Vikings rest in Normandy (where they stayed before attacking England) to decrease the amount of attacks England had and hence the prices of Danegeld and Taxes.
As a result, Aethelred married the Duke’s sister, Emma, to give him some power in England
24
Q
What is the St Brice’s Day massacre?
A
After Aethelred felt he regained some power by minimalizing Vikings’ attacks and marrying Emma, he commanded a mass killing of Vikings in England.
As a result, the Danish King Sweyn’s sister (Gunhilda) and her husband are killed, and he is infuriated.
Sweyn then initiates a huge invasion of England.
25
What does Aethelred do after the St Brices Massacre?
He flees to France with his family and Sweyn rules England (while ruling Denmark and Norway) until he dies a year later
26
Who did Sweyn want to rule after him? Who actually ruled?
Sweyn Forkbeard wanted his son Cnut to rule, however, Aethelred returned at the end of Sweyn's life and reclaimed the throne.
Cnut went back to Viking territories
27
What two Kings rule after Aethelred?
Aethelred's son (Edmund (Ironside)) inherits the throne, however later than year, Cnut returns to claim the throne that was his father's (King Sweyn)
28
At what battle did Cnut retake the English Throne?
The battle of Assandun in 1016
29
What did they decide at the battle of assandun?
Edmund will rule wessex, Cnut will rule everywhere else, and whoever lives the longest will rule the whole country
(Edmund dies a month later (wasted 💀))
30
What countries make up Cnut's North Sea Empire (4) ?
Denmark, Norway, England and parts of Sweden
31
How did Cnut view England? Why?
As his main domain, not a part of his Danish empire because it was his richest country
32
Who did Cnut marry and why? Who was their child?
Cnut married the sister of the Duke or Normandy and the widow of Aethelred the Unready.
He used her to forge his way into ruling Enlgand and expanding his North Sea Empire with land she owns
They had a son known as Harthacnut
33
What happened to Viking attacks after Cnut became king?
They stopped
34
What are the names of Emma's sons? (3)
Edward the Confessor and Alfred (irrelevant) (with Aethelred)
Harthacnut (with Cnut)
35
Who became King after Cnut?
Cnut's son with his FIRST wife
(Harold I)
36
Who becomes king after Harold I?
Harthacnut (Cnut's second born)
37
Who becomes king after Harthacnut?
Edward the Confessor (half brother of Harthacnut, though their mother)
38
Why did Edward the Confessor live in France?
He, Aethelred, and his mother fleed there when King Sweyn of the Vikings attacked England
39
Why is Edward the Confessor known as Edward the Confessor?
He was very religious
40
What happened when Edward the Confessor died?
1066. He had no heir, but multiple people felt they deserved the throne. A crisis of monarchy
Harold Godwinson- Anglo-Saxon, powerful sub-regulus of Edward TC
William the Conqueror- Claims that Edward promised him the throne in France and that Godwindon swore on holy relics that he would be king
Harold Hardrada- Claims the throne belongs to his (Viking) ancestors
41
How was the King of England chosen
Harold Godwinson was chosen by the Witan
He had to fight off Harald Godwinson in the North, however, and beat him.
But, lost to William the Conqueror and his soldiers (whom he promised would get land in England if they overthrew Harold, which they did) in the south
42
What battles took place when Harold was crowned king
Battle of Stamford Bridge (Harald Hardrada defeated by Harold Godwinson)
Battle of Hastings (Harold Godwinson defeated by William of Normandy)
43
How did the Normans manage to beat the Saxons?
The Saxons had higher ground and had a firm wall that the Norman's couldn't break, so they faked a retreat and were followed by the English. This, resulted in the Englishbreaking their wall and losing their high ground advantage, so the Normans took advantage of this, attacked them, and won.
44
When was William the Conqueror crowned?
On Christmas Day 1066
45
How did William control the English? (4)
● He gave Normans land in return for loyalty and support
● Feudal system
● Gave supporters jobs in churches
● Encouraged Norman barons to build castles to control England
46
What was the Domesday book and how was it used?
The domesday book was a record of a survey of English lands and landholdings made by order of William the Conqueror about 1086.
This was uses for taxing based in what people owned, and if one lied, they were severly punished
47
How did William treat England, compared to Normandy?
Unlike Cnut, William left England under the control of his barons while he spent half of his time in France securing his power in Normandy
48
How did England change under the Normans? (3)
● French customs were introduced
● French became the language of those in power
● New churches, monasteries and cathedrals were built
49
How did William first approach the English when he won the Battle of Hastings?
He burned the houses of rebels
50
What happened when William TC died?
He split his land between his three sons;
■ Robert (Duke of Normandy)
■ William (King of England)
■ Henry I (Nothing(💀))
51
How did Henry I later become king of England AND Duke Normandy?
His brother, William dies and he becomes King Henry I of England
Henry defeats his other brother, Robert, and becomes Duke of Normandy
52
Who did Henry want to be his heir and how did he orchestrate this?
Henry wanted his daughter Matilda to rule so he married her to Geoffery of Anjou (a powerful French lord)
53
What stopped Matilda from ruling?
A powerful noble and her relative Stephen felt he had a claim to the throne, so for 19 years he battled with Matilda and Geoffery until they agreed in, 1153, that Geoffery could rule as long as Matilda's son (Henry II) would be the next in line.
54
Who ruled after Stephen and when?
A year later, Stephen died and Henry II was crowned king
55
How did Henry II claim Ireland?
Ireland was separated into small kingdoms with one High King as the ruler.
Ireland was a Christian country but was not under the control of the Pope. In 1155 the only English Pope (Adrian IV) declared that Henry II could take over Ireland under the church's authority.
He followed up attacks from Strongbow (who was called to regain land from the High King for the King of Leinster) who had been very successful.
56
How did Henry II initially maintain his power over Ireland?
He stayed in Ireland for 6 months and built castles to ensure Angevin's superiority.
57
How else did he benefit from gaining the Irish land (financially)
In 1175 he signed the Treaty of Windsor (with the High King) who agreed to pay homage to Henry and leave Henry in control of the Pale
58
What was the Pale?
A section of land on the East Coast of Ireland.
59
What land did Henry II attain and through whom? (5)
■ Normandy (through mother)
■ Anjou and Maine (France) (through father)
■ Nantes (through treaty)
■ Acquitaine (through wife (Eleanor of Aquitaine))
■ Brittany (through son's wife)
60
What is the Angevin empire and why is it called that?
The Angevin (from Anjou (Henry's father Geoffery) empire consisted of all of England, Western Central France as well as Wales, Ireland and Scotland
61
How and Why was there a revolt against King Henry II?
Henry's sons (with the support of his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and the French King) revolted against him.
The sons were unhappy with how the Angevin Empire was split between them. Young Henry was crowned King (in 1170) while Henry II was still alive and Henry later faced the revolt of his eldest sons in 1173.
The fight lasted 18 months, however, Henry II managed to keep control and his son (Young Henry) died before him
62
Who were Henry II's important sons? (2)
Richard (the Lionheart)
King John
63
What happened when Richard became king?
He owned alot of land, however he was off fighting the crusades in Cyprus and neglects the French Empire, so there were many French rebellions as they didn't want an English King in charge of them
64
Who took over large parts of France during Richard's reign?
King Phillip II
65
Who becomes king when Richard dies?
His younger brother John
66
What type of king was John?
Not a very good one.
He cemented the loss of France to England as he lost all French land
He was militarily weak, and also VERY greedy
67
What was one of King John's nicknames
Softsword
68
What land was left of the Angevin empire after John lost a majority of it?
Only Gascany
69
What do Richard's and John's loss of French land result in
The Hundred Years War
70
Explain two stupid decisions John makes (Richard and France)
While Richard the Lionheart was imprisoned in Germany, John tried to seize control (he conspired with Phillip II to split the Angevin empire between them). His coup failed and when Richard returned he was banished (1194)
After John became king, the French King (Phillip II) asked John to be a negotiator between two rival French Families. Instead, he married the daughter of one of the families, in hopes of claiming land she owned, which upset Phillip and led to a war between France and England in which Phillip gained Normandy in 1204
71
What quote was written by Historian Mathew Paris who lived through the reign of King John?
Foul as it is, hell itself is defiled by the presence of King John
72
What convinced the English lords that King John had too much power and misused it?
Raised the taxes substantially to pay for the war, and English/Norman barons supported Phillip over John
73
How did they limit John's power? and when?
Magna Carta in 1215 (created in 1214) and a previous charter that he had gone against
74
What were John's intentions for the Magna Carta and what was the result?
He only signed the charter to buy time to raise forces to destroy the rebels
The rebel Barons were overwhelmed as John still had control over 150+ castles in England, so they called Prince Louis of France (as they decided any king would be better than John).
Louis took control but later died (1216) so the English regained control
75
How was rule under Edward II?
It was a difficult period.
Edward was very unpopular as he was a weak leader.
76
How much land was owned under Edward II
He gave up on English attempts to take over Scotland.
Other than England he only owned Aquitaine and had to pay homage to keep it.
77
What happened under the rule of Edward III (2)
He realized England was losing prestige so he resumed war with Scotland (with some success).
He also wanted to restore lost lands in France.
78
How was the Hundred Years War Edward III's fault?
Phillip VI confiscated Aquitaine and expected Edward to pay him homage.
Edward chose war. He claimed he had a right to the French land because of his ancestors.
79
What happened during the battle of Crecy?
Crecy (1346) started when Edward attacked Normany with 15,000 men
Edward's army wreaked havoc, however, Phillip had a larger army.
80
How did Edward's army win the battle of Crecy
Edward's army was triumphant as he'd chosen the perfect location to fight so they could devastate the French cavalry with their Longbows and canons
81
What land did Edward gain from the battle of Crecy?
Calais
82
Who led the English and the French during the battle of Poitiers and when was it?
Poitiers (1356).
English led by Edward the Black Prince (Edward III's son)
French led by the French King John and his son
83
What happened to the French King John and his son during the battle
They were captured in a humiliating defeat
84
How did the English win the Battle of Poitiers?
Use of longbows.
Although the French came with better armor, the English were ordered to aim at the horses and knock the soldiers off
85
When was Henry V crowned King and what were his intentions
1413, as soon as he became King, he planned to regain lands that were taken from the English
86
How many soldiers did Henry sail across the English Channel in the Battle of Agincourt?
6,000
87
How many soldiers did the French have sail in the Battle of Agincourt?
24,000
88
How did the English win the Battle of Agincourt
Despite being outnumbered, Henry was a skilled battlefield commander
He ordered his men to stay at a distance so they could attack with their archers
It was also very muddy so the French cavalry got stuck
89
How was the win in Agincourt regarded?
As a miracle
Some compared it to the biblical reference of David and Goliath
90
What was special about Henry V (lang)
He was the first King of England to speak and write in English since the Norman Conquest, giving England a sense of identity
91
What part of France did the English capture during the Hundred Years War and how?
Paris as Henry forced the French King to accept him as his lawful heir
92
What happened when Henry V died
He died in 1422 and the power of the English in France weakened
93
When and why were the English then defeated
In the Siege of Orleans in 1429, the French had mastered the use of their canons
94
When was the last battle of the Hundred Years War
Battle of Castillion in 1453
95
What was the last English territory in France after THYW
Calais
96
When and because of whom did the French reclaim Calais
In 1558 it was lost by Mary Tudor
97
Why was the loss of Calais Mary's fault
Mary was married to the King of Spain, who attacked France, so the French attacked the British territory as revenge
98
What three countries did the Tudors unite?
England, Northern Ireland and Wales
99
What countries did The Stuarts (James) Unite?
The other three and Scotland
100
List reasons why the British looked to explore (2)
Britain becomes more prosperous (expanded industry and farming)
So they are looking to trade more
Technological improvements
101
In what century did longer journeys become possible?
1400s
102
Who discovered the Americas and West Indies and when?
Christopher Columbus in 1492
103
What 2 countries dominated colonisation
Spain and Portugal
104
What 2 technological improvements during Elizabeth's time helped travel by sailing?
Lateen - triangular sail
Astrolabe - compass for navigation
105
Where did the English first settle?
In the 13 colonies on the east coast
106
What was John Hawkin's job and what did he introduce?
Hawkins was a privateer who introduced the transatlantic slave trade and built up the English Royal Navy
107
How did John Hawkins initially start the slave trade?
He stole and sold slaves from a Portuguese ship
108
How many slaving voyages did John Hawkins embark on?
Three
109
How many Africans did England enslave during their domination in the slave trade
3.1 million (1/6 perished on the journey and others lived a very miserable life working on plantations)
110
What was the first recognized American colony and when was it established?
Roanoke 1584
111
Who established Roanoke
Walter Raleigh
112
What problems were faced by colonists in Roanoke
They arrived too late and couldn't plant their seeds for growing food, so they relied heavily on the Native Americans.
Later the leader had to go back to England to get more supplies but they were blocked by the Spanish armada and returned to nothing in Roanoke
113
Who was the first British person to circumnavigate the globe and when
Francis Drake 1577
114
What 2 reasons did Drake have to circumnavigate?
Look for sources of trade and challenge Spanish dominance in trading and exploration (hopes of turning England into a global superpower)
115
How many colonies were in the New World?
13
116
What were plantations used for?
Sugar and cotton
117
Where in the New World were plantations?
In the South
118
What 2 reasons did the English have to travel to the New World?
Religious and Economic reasons
119
What were the Religious reasons? (2)
Puritans (didn't think England was protestant enough)
Catholics (same as Puritans)
120
What were the Economic reasons? (2)
Colonies to be established (Jamestown) and JSCs (VC)
Cash crops that can be exported (cotton, tobacco, sugar, potatoes)
121
What was the reason why gentry men and nobility migrated to TNW
Younger siblings wouldn't have inherited land if they stayed at home
122
Why did Englishmen go to the Caribbean?
To set up plantations (good climate) in Barbados, Cayman Islands, and Jamaica, etc
Only plantations not settlements
123
How did the colonies help England with trading
They would import raw materials from America, take them to factories to make fabrics and sell the fabrics back to the colonists for a higher price
124
Where was one of the famous ports in England
Liverpool
125
What was the impact of trading on England?
More profit and job opportunities (ship owners, ports, factory owners, bankers and ordinary people)
126
Who were the Huguenots and when was the French religious reformation
French Protestants in the 1500s
127
What and when was the St. Bartholomew's day massacre? How many were killed?
A wave of violence towards Huguenots for a few weeks in 1572. 30,000 Huguenots may've been killed
128
What and when was the Edict of Nantes
An agreement that Huguenots could practise their religion freely signed in 1598
129
What happened to the Edict of Nantes in 1685
Louis the XIV rejected it in 1685
130
How many Huguenots came to England
40k - 50k
131
What occupations did they take up
Lawyers, bankers, weavers and watchmakers
132
What % did they contribute to the foundation of the Bank of England in 1694
10% (and the first governor of the bank was a Huguenot
133
Where are the highlands
Scotland
134
What are highland clearances
Scottish people being forced off their small areas of land (crofts) and migrating abroad
135
Why were they forced to relocate
Wealthy landowners wanted to modernise the land for profit by enclosing land for sheep farming
136
Where did the crofters go?
England and British colonies such as Canada and New Zealand
137
How much control had England over Ireland
Very little. They struggled to gain Irish lands besides the Pale and the English Protestants viewed the Irish Catholics as savage and uncivilised
138
Why did England want to take over Ireland
Catholic Spain was England's main enemy and she feared they may ally with Catholic Ireland
139
When did the plantations begin
1607
140
How did the English attempt to colonise Northern Ireland
They set up plantations in Ulster with English and Scottish people in attempt to make it an example for all of Ireland
141
How many Protestants were in Ulster to Catholics in 1622
1000 Protestants and 4000 Catholics
142
How successful were the Ulster plantations
English did settle but they did not push out the native Catholic population. The result was tensions between the Catholics and Protestants in Ireland for years to come
143
Which two countries had a monopoly on trade in the Caribbean
Spain and Portugal
144
How did the British try to overcome the Spanish and Portuguese trade monopoly
By using pirates to trade illegally and secretly so they would not have to pay taxes
145
Other than pirates who else opposed the Spanish and Portuguese?
Privateers who were given licenses by their monarch to attack foreign ships. Walter Raleigh and Francis Drake were some of the most famous privateers
146
How did Pirates and Privateers profit
By smuggling people from Africa to the Caribbean for forced labour (slavery)
147
When did John Hawkins first pick up slaves
1562 he collected 300 slaves west African slaves from Portuguese ships and took them to the Caribbean. He laid the foundation for the triangular slave trade
148
What else was traded in the triangular slave trade
Goods (rum and sugar) for people and vice versa
149
How many Africans were enslaved and taken to Africa
3 million
150
How did the Africans live
Harsh lives where they were forced into doing manual labour on sugar plantations with no compensation
151
What English port cities gained great wealth from the slave trade
Liverpool and BristolW
152
What was significant about Barbados
It was seen to be a perfect environment to grow tobacco so many English went there to set up plantations
153
Who initially worked on these plantations
Indentured servants (English workers who had no prospects in England)
154
What did indentured workers gain
If they worked for the land owner for 7 years they would then get their own area of land where they could farm
155
Who were Quakers
Some of the earliest settlers in Barbados, they were Protestants but were religious dissenters as they did not believe in the same Protestantism as those in England. They moved to Barbados to spread their faith and practise their religion freely
156
What were the economic impacts of slavery
Brought in money and goods
Increased demand of specific metals created in England so more jobs were available
157
