Connective Tissue

Question 1

What is loose connective tissue?

Answer 1

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

Question 2

What dense connective tissue?

Answer 2

Regular, irregular, and elastic

Question 3

What is supportive connective tissues?

Answer 3

Cartilage- Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Bones- Compact bone, cancellous/spongy bone

Question 4

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 4

Blood & Lymph

Question 5

What is Areolar connective tissue?

Answer 5

Underlies most epithelia- represents the connective tissue component of epithelial membranes

Question 6

Where is Areolar connective tissue found?

Answer 6

Fills space between muscle fibers, surrounds blood & lymph vessels, supports organs in the abdominal cavity

Question 7

Areolar connective tissue is ______ specialized CT in adults

Answer 7

Least

Question 8

What are collagen fibers?

Answer 8

Straight and unbranched, wound like a rope from protein subunits, great tensile strength, resists stretching, holds connective tissue together during the movements of the body

Question 9

What are elastic fibers?

Answer 9

Contain the protein elastin along with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins. After being stretched or compressed, it will return to its original shape

Question 10

What are reticular fibers?

Answer 10

Same protein subunit as collagen fibers, they are narrow and arrayed in a branching network

Question 11

What are Mesenchymal cells?

Answer 11

Multipotent adult stem cells can differentiate into any type of connective tissue cells needed for repair

Question 12

What are Fibroblasts?

Answer 12

Secrete polysaccharides and proteins to form extracellular matrix collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans

Question 13

What do Fibroblasts produce?

Answer 13

Secretion produces a viscous ground substance

Question 14

What are Macrophages?

Answer 14

Component of the immune system, large phagocytic cells

Question 15

What happens when Macrophages are stimulated?

Answer 15

They release cytokines to recruit other immune system cells to infected sites and stimulate their activities

Question 16

What is the Mast Cell?

Answer 16

Part of the immune system has many cytoplasmic granules

Question 17

What are Histamines?

Answer 17

An inflammatory mediator that causes vasodilation and increased blood flow at the site of injury or infection along with itching, swelling, and redness

Question 18

What are Heparins?

Answer 18

An anticoagulant that enhances local blood flow during inflammation and reduces the development of blood clots in areas of slow-moving blood

Question 19

What are Lymphocytes?

Answer 19

Numbers increase markedly wherever tissue damage occurs, they may develop into antibody-producing plasma cells

Question 20

What are Microphages (neutrophils and eosinophils)?

Answer 20

Attracted to the site of an infection or injury by chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells

Question 21

What are Proteoglycans?

Answer 21

Polysaccharides ( negative charge attracts H2O) and proteins combine

Question 22

What is Ground Substance?

Answer 22

Proteoglycan attracts and traps water forming the ground substance which absorbs shock

Question 23

What are the three major classes of macromolecules of the extracellular matrix?

Answer 23

Glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), Fibrous proteins, and Non-Collagen Glycoproteins

Question 24

What are Glycosaminoglycan (GAGs)?

Answer 24

Large and highly charged polysaccharides that are usually covalently linked to protein in the form of proteoglycans

Question 25

What are Fibrous proteins?

Answer 25

Primarily members of the collagen family

Question 26

What are Non-Collagen Glycoproteins?

Answer 26

Carry conventional asparagine-linked oligosaccharides (laminin)

Question 27

What is the Basement Membrane?

Answer 27

Contains the glycoproteins laminin, type IV collagen, nidogen, and proteoglycan perlecan

Question 28

What are Glycosaminoglycans?

Answer 28

Unbranched carb polymers that are composed of disaccharide repeating units

Question 29

What components do Glycosaminoglycans have?

Answer 29

Amino group and a negatively charged carboxyl group (COO-) and sulfate groups (SO3-)

Question 30

What are Proteoglycans?

Answer 30

Molecules composed of a polypeptide and sulfated glycosaminoglycans attached by chemical bindings

Question 31

How are Proteoglycans assembled and released?

Answer 31

They are assembled in the cell and released by exocytosis

Question 32

Where are polypeptide synthesis & monosaccharides added?

Answer 32

ER

Question 33

Where does elongation of the glycosaminoglycan chain occur?

Answer 33

Trans domain of the Golgi complex

Question 34

How do glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycans resist mechanical loads?

Answer 34

The hydrated proteoglycans deform and release water under mechanical load, absorbing the impact Re-hydration of the saccharides occurs after the force is released

Question 35

What is Adipose Tissue?

Answer 35

Consists mostly of fat (yellow tinge) storage cells, with little extracellular matrix

Question 36

What permits the rapid storage and mobilization of excess calories as fat droplets in Adipose Tissue?

Answer 36

Capillaries

Question 37

What contains fat droplets in the Adipose Tissue?

Answer 37

Displaced adipose nuclei and pale staining central vacuole

Question 38

The number and type of adipocytes depends on the _____ and ________ and can ________ among individuals in the population

Answer 38

Tissue, location, and vary

Question 39

What is Reticular Tissue?

Answer 39

Mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs (lymphatic tissue, spleen, and liver)

Question 40

What do Fibroblastic Reticular Cells produce?

Answer 40

They produce reticular fibers that form the network onto which other cells attach

Question 41

What is Dense Connective Tissue-Regular?

Answer 41

Closely packed collagen fibers that run parallel to each other enhance tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber's orientation Ex: Ligaments and Tendons

Question 42

What is Dense Connective Tissue-Irregular?

Answer 42

The direction of fibers is random giving tissue greater strength in all directions and less strength in one particular direction Ex: Dermis of the skin

Question 43

What is What is Dense Connective Tissue-Elastic?

Answer 43

Enables structures to regain original shape after stretching Ex: Arteries, vocal cords, trachea, and bronchial tubes

Question 44

What is Cartilage-Hyaline?

Answer 44

Mature chondrocytes are seen in lacunae, with dispersed collagen fibers and large amounts of proteoglycans Ex: Rib cage, nose, covers bones where they meet to form moveable joint

Question 45

What does the embryonic skeleton do?

Answer 45

Makes a template before bone formation

Question 46

What is Cartilage-Fibroelastic?

Answer 46

Chondrocytes in lacunae arrange in clusters or alternate rows Fibrocartilage is tough because it has thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix, limiting movement, preventing bone-bone contact, resisting compression Ex: Knee and jaw joints and intervertebral disc

Question 47

What is Cartilage-Elastic?

Answer 47

Scant matrix (collagen and proteoglycans), supportive but bends easily

Question 48

What is bone's extracellular matrix?

Answer 48

Contains mostly collagen fibers, embedded in a mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate

Question 49

What would happen if bones didn't have collagen?

Answer 49

They would be brittle and shatter easily

Question 50

What would happen if bones didn't have mineral crystals?

Answer 50

Bones would flex and provide little support

Question 51

What is fluid connective tissue?

Answer 51

Blood pressure causes the plasma to leak into the interstitial space and most are reabsorbed back into the blood vessels

Question 52

What is Lymph?

Answer 52

Interstitial fluid once it enters the lymphatic system

Question 53

Function of Connective Tissue

Answer 53

Connect and protect, store energy reserve

Question 54

Function of Supporting Tissue

Answer 54

Structural strength and body framework

Question 55

Function of Fluid Connective Tissues

Answer 55

Transport dissolved materials, protection from pathogens