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BMS 300 > Transcription & Protein Translation > Flashcards

Transcription & Protein Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA is copied to RNA

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2
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA is used to produce proteins

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3
Q

What bases are on RNA

A

ACGU

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4
Q

Ribose sugar with _____ group on 2’ carbon

A

OH

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5
Q

What is RNA single-stranded?

A

OH on 2’ interferes with double-strand

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6
Q

Why is RNA less stable than DNA?

A

OH on 2’ because of hydrolysis

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7
Q

Single strand can fold into _________ structures

A

Secondary (very complex)

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8
Q

________ bonds between base pairs within strands

A

Hydrogen

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9
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

Catalytic activity, enzymes speed up reaction due to closer proximity

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10
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Forms a template for protein synthesis

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11
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Carries activated amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

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12
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Structural core of ribosomes

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13
Q

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA)

A

Involved in the processing of DNA and RNA in nuclei post transcription mod.

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14
Q

tRNA matches ________ to appropriate amino acids

A

mRNA code

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15
Q

What does the TATA box do?

A

Binds transcription factors, proteins in the nucleus that bind to promoter regions

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16
Q

How are transcription factors initiated?

A

Transcription factors recruit RNA polymerase, RNA polymerase binds & is activated, transcription begins

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17
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

Unwinds DNA, no primer needed, catalyzes phosphodiester bonds, A and U complementary bonds

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18
Q

RNA polymerase 1

A

rRNA

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19
Q

RNA polymerase 2

A

mRNA & snRNA

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20
Q

RNA polymerase 3

A

rRNA, tRNA, & snRNA

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21
Q

Post-transcriptional Mods

A

5’ capping, 3’ poly adenylation, splicing

22
Q

What is the purpose of 5’ capping?

A

Protects mRNA from 5’ to 3’ exonuclease degradation
Ribosome binding site, a smaller subunit recognizes a 5’ cap & binds to it without the cap proteins and is not translated and can be broken down by 5’ actin nuclease

23
Q

What is the purpose of 3’ polyadenylation?

A

Protects from 3’-5’ exonuclease degradation, exonuclease will chew up RNA if no 3’ polyadenylation

24
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding regions

25
Q

Exons

A

Codes for proteins

26
Q

What does mRNA splicing do?

A

Removes introns and ligates exons together

27
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Splicing different combinations of exons, and multiple proteins is possible from one gene

28
Q

What is a codon?

A

Bases are read in triplets

29
Q

Wobble hypothesis

A

Only the first two bases of the codon (mRNA) are precisely paired with the anticodon (tRNA)

30
Q

Wobble pairing

A

tRNA is not exactly on the third position
G/U pairing

31
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG, methionine

32
Q

Point mutation

A

Single base added, deleted, or changed

33
Q

Frameshift

A

All codons after mutation are different

34
Q

Missense

A

Changed base causes a different amino acid

35
Q

Nonsense

A

Changed base causes a premature stop codon

36
Q

Silent

A

Changed base has no effect

37
Q

Ribosomal small subunit

A

Binds and reads mRNA, recruits large ribosomal subunit when it finds AUG

38
Q

Ribosomal large subunit

A

The docking site for tRNAs (APE), catalyzes peptide bonds between amino acids released from tRNAs

39
Q

Translation initiation steps

A
  1. Small ribosomal subunit binds mRNA
  2. tRNA with anticodon UAC binds AUG start codon at P site
  3. Large subunit is recruited
  4. New tRNA binds codon at A site
40
Q

What is elongation?

A

Large ribosomal subunit catalyzes peptide bond between amino acids

41
Q

What is translocation?

A
  1. Ribosome move along mRNA to next codon
  2. New tRNA binds codon in A site
  3. Large subunit catalyzes bond between peptide chain in P site and new amino acid in A site
42
Q

Translation termination steps

A
  1. Ribsome continues moving along mRNA until stop codon is reached in the A site
  2. No tRNAs have anticodons to match stop codons
  3. Release factor binds stop codon
  4. Protein released and ribosome dissociates
43
Q

What is tRNA charged by?

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

44
Q

Why is ATP needed to charge tRNA

A

ATP cleavage provides energy to link amino acid to tRNA via an ester bond, tRNA can drop amino acid at a ribosome

45
Q

What is Post-translational Modifications?

A

Mostly, the addition of a group of molecules or the removal of a group or split of Wa protein

46
Q

What is a reversible PTM?

A

Addition of chemical groups, complex molecules, or polypeptides

47
Q

What is an irreversible PTM?

A

Amino acid modification, and cleavage

48
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

A reversible process in which insulin receptors are phosphorylated and trigger lupus

49
Q

What is ubiquitylation?

A

A reversible process that marks proteins for destruction if abnormal

50
Q

What is proteolysis?

A

An irreversible process that removes a group

BMS 300 (8 decks)

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