Connective Tissue

Question 1

4 examples of connective tissue

Answer 1

1. loose connective tissue
2. tendons
3. bone
4. blood

Question 2

3 types of bone cells

Answer 2

1. osteoblasts
2. osteoclasts
3. osteocytes

Question 3

Function of osteoblasts

Answer 3

produce the organic matrix, move into the cavity, and secrete the osteoid to fill in the hole

Question 4

Function of osteoclasts

Answer 4

resorb bone to form a cavity

Question 5

Function of osteocytes

Answer 5

produce the factors that regulate the start of both bone formation and resorption

Question 6

How is growth in bone thickness achieved?

Answer 6

by adding new bone on top of the outer surface of already existing bone

Question 7

How is growth in bone length achieved?

Answer 7

through the action of chondrocytes in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate

Question 8

5 main parts in the structure of a long bone

Answer 8

1. articular cartilage
2. bone of epiphysis
3. epiphyseal plate
4. bone of diaphysis
5. marrow cavity

Question 9

When do osteoblasts retire?

Answer 9

When they become osteocytes in mature non-growing bones

Question 10

When osteoblasts retire(osteocytes) what are they involved in?

Answer 10

the hormonally-regulated exchange of calcium between bone and blood

Question 11

What promotes the growth of bone in bone length and thickness?

Answer 11

Growth hormone and IGF-1

Question 12

What stimulates the proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage?

Answer 12

Growth hormones via IGF-1

Question 13

What can growth hormones promote?

Answer 13

lengthening of long bones as the epiphyseal plate remains cartiliganinuous

Question 14

Effects that abnormal growth hormone secretion can have on growth?

Answer 14

Can cause gigantism or acromegaly

Question 15

Key functions of the skeleton

Answer 15

1. supports the body
2. facilitates movement
3. protects internal organs
4. produces blood cells
5. stores and releases minerals and fat

Question 16

Should plasma Ca2+ be closely regulated?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

How much of ECF Ca2+ is free?

Answer 17

less than 0.1%

Question 18

Name some activities in the free fraction of ECF Ca2+ play a role in

Answer 18

• neuromuscular activity
• stimulus-secretion coupling
• maintenance of tight junctions between cells
• clotting of blood

Question 19

Is bone dynamic?

Answer 19

Yes, it continuously undergoes remodeling

Question 20

Parathyroid hormone(PTH) raises what when it starts to fall?

Answer 20

plasma Ca2+

Question 21

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 21

a decrease in bone density caused by lack of Ca2+, resulting in reduced deposition of the bone’s organic matrix

Question 22

2 ways to help prevent osteoporosis

Answer 22

1. physical activity throughout life
2. a large reservoir of bone midlife

Question 23

3 main layers of the skin in order

Answer 23

1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. hypodermis

Question 24

Describe the epidermis

Answer 24

• numerous layers of epithelial cells
• cells of the outer layer are dead and flattened
• no direct blood supply

Question 25

What are epidermal cells held together by?

Answer 25

Desmosomes which interconnect with intracellular keratin filaments

Question 26

Describe the keratinized layer

Answer 26

as the outer layer cells die, this fibrous core remains, forming flattened, hardened scales that provide a tough keratinized layer

Question 27

Describe the dermis

Answer 27

-connective tissue layer - contains elastin and collagen - contains an abundance of blood vessels and specialized nerve endings

Question 28

What do receptors in the dermis detect

Answer 28

pressure, temperature, and pain

Question 29

Exocrine glands:

Answer 29

sweat and sebaceous glands

Question 30

Function of sweat glands

Answer 30

evaporation of sweat cools the skin and helps regulate temperature

Question 31

Function of sebaceous glands

Answer 31

produce sebum released into adjacent hair follicles

Question 32

Describe the hypodermis

Answer 32

- the skin is anchored to the underlying tissue by the hypodermis - most fat cells are housed within the hypodermis

Question 33

4 specialized cells in the epidermis

Answer 33

1. melanocytes 2. keratinocytes 3. langerhan cells 4. granstein cells

Question 34

Melanocytes function

Answer 34

produce melatin(skin pigment)

Question 35

Keratinocytes function

Answer 35

keratin production(generate hair and nails)

Question 36

Function of blood

Answer 36

Transport medium within which materials being transported long distances in the body are dissolved or suspended

Question 37

3 specialised cellular elements in blood

Answer 37

1. erythrocytes(RBCs) 2. leukocytes(WBCs) 3. platelets (thrombcytes)

Question 38

Average hematocrit in males and females

Answer 38

Males: 40%-54% Females: 36%-48%

Question 39

What happens to hematocrit when dehydrated or anemic?

Answer 39

Dehydrated: hematocrit appears higher Anemic: hematocrit appears lower

Question 40

Function of plasma proteins

Answer 40

responsible for plasma capacity to buffer

Question 41

What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins?

Answer 41

1. albumins 2. globulins 3. fibrinogen

Question 42

Describe erythrocytes

Answer 42

- RBC's - biconcave, disc-shaped cells - large surface area - thin - flexibility to the membrane

Question 43

What molecules can hemoglobin combine with?

Answer 43

O2, CO2, H+, CO, NO

Question 44

What is EPO?

Answer 44

erythropoiesis

Question 45

5 types of leukocytes

Answer 45

1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils 4. monocytes 5. lymphocytes

Question 46

Function of neutrophils

Answer 46

phagocytes specialist; can destroy bacteria intracellularly by phagocytosis or externally by programmed cell death

Question 47

Function of eosinophils

Answer 47

associated with allergic conditions or parasite infections

Question 48

Functions of basophils

Answer 48

synthesize, store, and release histamine and heparin

Question 49

Function of monocytes

Answer 49

mature and enlarge to become large tissue phagocytes known as macrophages

Question 50

Function of B lymphocytes

Answer 50

produce antibodies which circulate in the blood

Question 51

Function of T lymphocytes

Answer 51

directly destroy specific target cells by cell-mediated immunity

Question 52

What are platelets?

Answer 52

small cell fragments that shed off the outer edge of megakaryocytes

Question 53

Structure of platelets

Answer 53

contain high concentration of actin and myosin(enables them to contract)

Question 54

Function of platelets

Answer 54

synthesis of secretory products that they store in cytosolic granules

Question 55

Steps of hemostasis

Answer 55

1. vascular spasm 2. formation of a platelet plug 3. blood coagulation(clotting)