The nervous system I

Question 1

What is a nervous system?

Answer 1

It is a structure that enables us to react/respond to a situation/stimulus

Question 2

Typical nervous system order

Answer 2

1. stimulus presented
2. assesment
3. preperation
4. communication
5. response

Question 3

Response to stimuli in single cells and single-celled organisms is achieved by what?

Answer 3

membrane receptors

Question 4

Single-celled organisms can detect changes in their environment and respond to stimuli using what?

Answer 4

receptor proteins embedded in their cell membranes

Question 5

What do individual cells respond via?

Answer 5

receptors and signaling cascades but the responses of individual cells may be accumulated, they are then sent to effector organs whose actions are coordinated by the NS to mediate a response

Question 6

What does the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit do?

Answer 6

play a role in learning, forming memories and retrieving them

Question 7

What is neural plasticity?

Answer 7

the ability of the brain or neuron to adjust in response to a new situation or environment

Question 8

What is short-term memory accessed via?

Answer 8

the hippocampus

Question 9

What does the hippocampus also play a role in?

Answer 9

long-term memory

Question 10

Where is long-term memory stored?

Answer 10

the cerebral cortex

Question 11

What is a nerve set?

Answer 11

a series of interconnected nerve cells

Question 12

Describe the simplest animals’ nervous systems

Answer 12

they have neurons arranged in nerve nets; no ganglia and no centralisation

Question 13

Describe a sea star nerve net

Answer 13

they have a nerve net in each arm connected by radial nerves to a central nerve ring

Question 14

What is cephalization?

Answer 14

the clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body

Question 15

What type of animals exhibit cephalization?

Answer 15

bilaterally symmetrical animals

Question 16

What are cephalized animal’s nervous system like?

Answer 16

nerve net connected by nerve cords connected to ganglia

Question 17

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 17

a brain and longitudinal nerve cords

Question 18

What are ganglia?

Answer 18

segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called ganglia

Question 19

Ladder system with the development of:

Answer 19

• paired longitudinal nerve cords
• cephalisation and development of paired cerebral ganglia

Question 20

Insect nervous system:

Answer 20

• cenetralised brain and many organs
• receptors for taste and smell and on antennae and legs
• antennae can detect odors or touch objects
• simple and compound eyes

Question 21

Earthworm nervous system:

Answer 21

ventral nerve cord developed from fusion of the two longitudinal cords in ladder system, ganglia in each segment coordinate movement and anterior ganglia control more complex behavior

Question 22

squid nervous system:

Answer 22

more complex behaviors are served by collections of neurons in specialist ganglia that process and integrate information

Question 23

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

Answer 23

nerves and ganglia

Question 24

What does the spinal cord do?

Answer 24

conveys info from and to the brain and produces reflexes independently of the brain

Question 25

What do the spinal cord and brain develop from?

Answer 25

the embryonic nerve cord

Question 26

Where are most cells of the NS found?

Answer 26

the brain and spinal cord

Question 27

What does the PNS do?

Answer 27

transmits info to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment

Question 28

In the PNS what do afferent neurons transmit?

Answer 28

info to the CNS

Question 29

In the PNS what do efferent neurons transmit?

Answer 29

info away from the CNS

Question 30

What are the 2 efferent components of the PNS

Answer 30

1. motor system 2. autonomic nervous system

Question 31

What does the motor system do in the PNS?

Answer 31

carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary

Question 32

What does the autonomic nervous system do in the PNS?

Answer 32

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary

Question 33

What is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

Answer 33

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

Question 34

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS regulate?

Answer 34

arousal and energy generation(fight or flight)

Question 35

What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do?

Answer 35

has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calling and a return to "rest and digest" functions

Question 36

What does the enteric division of the ANS control?

Answer 36

activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

Question 37

When does vertebrate brain arise?

Answer 37

during embryonic development

Question 38

What are the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain filled with?

Answer 38

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 39

What is the cerebrospinal fluid filtered by?

Answer 39

blood

Question 40

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 40

to cushion the brain and spinal cord as well as to provide nutrients and remove wastes

Question 41

Gray matter:

Answer 41

consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

Question 42

White matter:

Answer 42

consists of bundles of myelinated axons

Question 43

Developing arteries invaginate the roof of the ventricle to form what?

Answer 43

choroid fissure

Question 44

The involuted ependymal cells along with the vessels enlarge into villi and formwhat?

Answer 44

the choroid plexus

Question 45

Where is the choroid plexus in the adult brain found?

Answer 45

the 3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles

Question 46

What is the choroid plexus?

Answer 46

networks of capillaries in walls of ventricles

Question 47

How are the ventricles connected?

Answer 47

Lateral - third - fourth - subarachnoid space

Question 48

Where is CSF formed?

Answer 48

in choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle

Question 49

Function of glia?

Answer 49

have numerous functions to support, and rgulate neurons

Question 50

Embryonic radial glia form tracks along which newly formed what migrate?

Answer 50

neurons

Question 51

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 51

induce cells lining capillaries in the CNSto form tight junctions,resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substances into the brain