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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What can occur after a sheet of cells has formed

A

Compartment formation
Cell specialisation
Organ development

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2
Q

What do organs require

A

They need a scaffold/mesh work for support

Protection and padding may also be required

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3
Q

What is connective tissue’s role

A

Form the scaffold/mesh work or protection organs req

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4
Q

Parenchyma

A

Cells and tissues of the organ that perform the actual function of the organ
Make up the bulk of the organ

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5
Q

Stroma

A

Structures surrounding and supporting the parenchyma eg nerves, blood vessels, CT

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6
Q

What are the parenchyma and stroma of the liver

A

P: hepatocytes
S: nerves ducts blood vessels CT

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7
Q

Four basic tissue types making up a multicellular organism

A

Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial

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8
Q

Types of CT

A

Proper

Specialised

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9
Q

Types of proper CT

A

Loose

Dense

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10
Q

Types of specialised CT

A

Bone
Cartilage
Blood

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11
Q

What type of specialised CT is blood

A

Fluid

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12
Q

What type of specialised CT are bone and cartilage

A

Structural

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13
Q

Types of loose proper CT

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

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14
Q

Types of dense proper CT

A

Regular
Elastic
Irregular

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15
Q

Main cell of origin (stem cell)

A

Mesenchymal cell

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16
Q

Cell types that mesenchymal stem cell differentiate into

A 
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes
Adipocytes
Defence cells
Fibroblast
Myofibroblasts
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17
Q

Function of brown fat

A

Heat regulation in the new born (under nervous control)

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18
Q

Functions of white fat

A 
Storage of fat reserve
Metabolic fx
Endocrine fx
Insulation
Shock absorption
Protection
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19
Q

Types of defence cells

A

Mast cells
Tissue Macrophages
WBC

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20
Q

Fx of defence cells

A

Part of the immune system

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21
Q

Fx of fibroblasts

A

Synthesis and maintenance and recycling of ECM

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22
Q

What are the ECM fibres

A

Collagen
Elastin
Ground substance

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23
Q

Collagen synthesis process

A

Pro collagen (made of 3 pp chains) is secreted into ECM by fibroblast where it gets made into tropocollagen which polymerises to form fibrils which join to form fibres (tendons), meshes(liver), networks(BM)

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24
Q

General fx of collagen

A

Confer tensile strength as it resists pulling stretching and tearing

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25
Collagen type 1
Follows normal production pattern Main structural collagen type in body Found in skin tendon bone and joint cartilage Confers tensile strength
26
Collagen type 2
Forms fibrils not fibres | Main structural collagen in hyaline cartilage
27
Collagen type 3
Aka reticulin Forms support mesh work of organs (eg liver bone marrow lymphoid organs) Poor staining with H&E but good with silver stains
28
Collagen type 4
Mesho timing and cell membrane associating protein Form part of BM Helps anchor BM to epithelial cells above
29
Collagen type 7
Forms special fibrils anchoring the BM to the ECM
30
What is the most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
31
How many members of the collagen family
Superfamily with 28 members
32
Elastin
Forms fibres or discontinuous sheets Confer elasticity and stretch to the tissue Found in lungs skin urinary bladder blood vessel walls and anywhere where elasticity is important for fx Secreted by fibroblasts as tropoelastin
33
What is ground substance made of
A range of glycoproteins, mostly proteoglycans
34
What are proteoglycans
Proteins bound to long complex carbohydrate chains called glycosaminoglycans They form large aggregates
35
What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
Extra stretchy skin (can be quite severe) due to mutation in collagen synthesis)
36
What is arteriosclerosis
Thickening/hardening of elastin
37
Describe the 2 different GAG types
Sulphated (form proteoglycans) | Non-sulphated (form the backbone of the large aggregates formed by the proteoglycans and hyaluronate)
38
Describe the structure of the large aggregates found in ground substance
Proteoglycans form a large aggregate which bind to hyaluronate (an even larger molecule) and a non sulphites GAG forms the backbone
39
Fx of ground substance
``` Confers: Compression resistance Shock absorption Space filling To the tissues Allows for metabolic exchange of molecules ```
40
Why does GS allow for metabolic exchange
Molecules can easily diffuse through
41
What binding abilities do the large aggregates have
Profound water binding ability
42
How does the GS become a gel
The water binding ability of the aggregates attract sodium and water which when bound produce a gel
43
What can GS bind to
Other fibres in the ECM eg collagen
44
Fx of myoglobin lasts
Contractile fx similar to a muscle cell so are good for wound healing/closing and assist with repair and scar formation
45
What does CT consist of
Cells of a mesenchymal origin sitting in an ECM produced and secreted by themselves
46
Where are fibroblast found
Everywhere in the body
47
What ECM do fibroblasts produce
Depending where they are it is specific to that tissue eg in tendons will mainly be Collagen type 1, but in the dermis will be some C 1 but a lot more ground substance this allows for different tissue properties
48
What are myofibroblasts
Activated forms of fibroblasts
49
Blast v cyte
Blast has just been formed | Cyte is older
50
What do adobo cures form from
Mesenchymal immature cells called lipoblasts
51
What do adipocytes look like
Start off flat like fibroblasts but then their cytoplasm starts to fill with triglycerides so they become very large round and fat filled Their cell organelles are pushed flat to the cell periphery
52
How are adipocytes metabolically active
Convert excess glucose from the blood into TGs for storage
53
How have adipocytes got an endocrine fx
Produce cytokines (protein messengers) and other hormones like leptin (key in appetite regulation)
54
Eg of adipocytes as shock absorbers
Foot pad of dog | Surrounding organs
55
What CT types are adipocytes found in
White fat (adipose tissue) mainly but also found scattered throughout other types (loose CT eg areolar)
56
Who has brown fat reserves
Newborns | Hibernation animals
57
Why are adipocytes of brown fat different
They have unique mitochondria with a different e- transport system than other cells They don't use the E in fat to make ATP, they use it to make heat (no atp is made)
58
How do brown fat adipocytes maintain a newborns body temp
The heat gen from the adipocytes is dissipated through the body by the bloodstream for the first crucial period of life until they have suckered
59
What is the process that brown fat adipocytes do
Non shivering thermogenesis
60
Categories of defence cells
Fixed (intrinsic) cells | Wandering (extrinsic) cells
61
Type of fixed defence cell
Tissue specific macrophages (different names in different parts of the body) eg dendritic cells (aka langerhans cells in the skin) Mast cells
62
What are dendritic cells and what is their fx
Large, with long branched dendrites They phagocytise and digest and present the antigen on their surface to T cells (aka antigen presenting cells) When stimulated they migrate to the lymph nodes and are an important part of the immune response
63
Where are mast cells found, what is their fx and what do they look like
Found in most CT, prevalent in the skin GI tract thoracic and abdominal linings Near blood vessels Densely packed with histamine containing granules They release the granules in response to a threat
64
Toes of wandering defence cells
WBC of a different origin to macrophages eg neutrophils eosinophils lymphocytes
65
How do wandering cells enter tissues
Via the blood
66
Mesenchyme Make up Found in Fx
Embryonic CT Gel like GS with fibres and stellate cells Give rise to ALL CT Loose CT Relatively unspecialised so can differentiate into any CT type. Also act as stem cells in more mature CT
67
Areolar Make up Found in Fx
Gel like matrix with both CT fibres Fibroblasts macrophages adipocytes mast cells some WBCs Wrap and cushion organs Widely distributed
68
Adipose Make up Found in Fx
Food store insulation support protection Under skin, around kidneys and other organs , in abdomen and mammary glands Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs Adipocytes
69
Reticular Make up Found in Fx
Loose GS reticular fibres Reticular cells lie in a fibre network Form soft internal skeleton/stroma supporting other cells types Found in Lymph nodes liver bone marrow spleen
70
Regular Make up Found in Fx
Mainly parallel collagen fibres, elastic fibres, little fluid Fibroblasts Attach muscle to bone and other muscles and bone to bone Tendons ligaments aponeuroses
71
Irregular Make up Found in Fx
Irregularly arranged collagen fibres with some elastic fibres little fluid Fibroblasts Withstand tension in many directions so gives structural strength Dermis Au mucosa of digestive tract fibrous organ capsules
72
Elastic Make up Found in Fx
Abundant elastic fibres Some collagen Fibroblasts Walls of arteries airways heart urinary bladder skin pleura
73
What allows for sheets of cells to form
Cells developed attachments between themselves

Histology (10 decks)

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