Muscle & Tendon

Question 1

Visceral found

Answer 1

Blood vessel

Gut

Question 2

Skeletal found/fx

Answer 2

Attached to skeleton via tendons
Responsible for movement
Posture

Question 3

Skeletal muscle cell formation

Answer 3

Some mesenchyme cells in each myotome diff into precursor skeletal m cells (myoblasts)
Myoblasts fuse end to end form elongated multinucleated myotubes
Contractile proteins laid down pushing nuclei to periphery and form mature muscle cell/myofibres/muscle fibres
Some myoblasts persist as precursors and may take part in m repair

Question 4

How is the body like a system of levers

Answer 4

Joints act as pivots/fulcrum
Skeleton is load being moved
Muscle provides the effort
Joints can act as pulleys sometimes where pass over more than one joint to insert on bone changing tithe direction of pull

Question 5

Energy conversions

Answer 5

Elastic E is important for fx when stretched the gators kinetic E

Question 6

Types of levers

Answer 6

Fulcrum between load and effort
Load between fulcrum and effort
Effort between fulcrum and load

Question 7

Antagonists

Answer 7

A pair of muscles usually act in opposition to each other

Eg triceps & biceps brachii mm

Question 8

Synergists

Answer 8

Muscles can act together

Eg Biceps brachii & brachialis mm

Question 9

Origin

Answer 9

Proximal or central attachment of tendon to bone (less movement)

Question 10

Insertion

Answer 10

Distal or peripheral attachment of muscle tendon to bone (more movement)

Question 11

Belly

Answer 11

Main part with muscle fibres

Question 12

Head

Answer 12

Part of belly nearest the origin of the muscle

Question 13

Fat muscles

Answer 13

More force gen capacity

More contracting muscles on parallel

Question 14

Long muscles

Answer 14

Contract faster

More contracting units in series

Question 15

How does muscle cell orientation affect contraction

Answer 15

Force and velocity of m contraction

Force gen capacity enhanced at expense of speed and shortening capacity

Question 16

Muscle patterns

Answer 16

Strap eg zygomaticus
Spindle/fusiform eg biceps brachii
Unipennate eg abductir pollicis longus 
Bipennate eg subscapilaris 
Multipennate eg serrated ventralis

Question 17

Muscle structure

Answer 17

Myosin and actin
Myofibrils (divided into sarcomeres)
Muscle fibre
Fascicles
Muscle (tendon and muscle fibres)

Question 18

Metabolic pathways giving way to ATP

Answer 18

Creative phosphate + ADP
(Fast & short lived)
Anaerobic pathway - using glucose &a glycogen (fast & shortlived)
Aerobic - uses O2 via myoglobin & mitochondria (slow &a long lived) efficient

Question 19

Types of muscle fibre

Answer 19

Proportions vary in diff muscles due to fxal need type 1
2a
2b

Question 20

Type 1

Answer 20

Slow twitch
Aerobic
Red fibres

Question 21

Type 2a

Answer 21

Fast twitch
Aerobic and anaerobic
Intermediate fibres (not present in all mammals)

Question 22

Type 2b

Answer 22

Fast twitch
Anaerobic
White fibres
Gen lots of lactic acid

Question 23

Variations in fibre make up

Answer 23

Species evolved to have diff proportions to suit lifestyle

Varieties within species naturally/ bred to have diff proportions of muscle fibre types

Question 24

Innervation of skeletal m

Answer 24

Fibres dev according to size of motor neuron

Fibres atrophy if they lose their innervation

Question 25

Growth of skeletal m

Answer 25

As skeleton grows muscle fibres lengthen due to addition of sarcomeres in series Opposite can also occur

Question 26

Response to exercise of skeletal m

Answer 26

Ex regime incr oxidative met capacity of motor units - CV system response Regular max strength ex cause hyper trophy (more sarcomeres in parallel) Athletes include appropriate max strength ex in regime

Question 27

Response to injury of skeletal m

Answer 27

Fibrosis (replace m fibres with fibrous scar tissue) Hyperplasia (incr no of m fibres is more controversial) seems likely injured m segments can repair with the help of satellite/other stem cells their is evidence that this could happen

Question 28

Linking m to skeleton

Answer 28

CT surround m fibre This merges to form tendon/aponeuroses which merged with bone When muscle contracts enough skeleton will move

Question 29

How are Muscle cells held together

Answer 29

CT compartments Indi cells anchored but have some independence of movement Composed of dense and loose irregular CT continuous with deep fascia

Question 30

Composition of CT surrounding m

Answer 30

Mainly fibroblasts GS collagen some elastic fibres

Question 31

3 CT layers

Answer 31

Endomysium (m cell) Perimysium (fascicles) Epimysium (whole m)

Question 32

Tendon

Answer 32

Dense regular CT Tight packed longitudinally running collagen fibres together with the cells which produce the collagen - fibroblasts and some GS. V high tensile strength but flexible *

Question 33

Aponeuroses

Answer 33

Flat sheet of dense regular CT form very spread out attachment Tight packed longitudinally running collagen fibres together with the cells which produce the collagen - fibroblasts and some GS. V high tensile strength but flexible *

Question 34

Muscle is anchored to ? Via tendon/aponeuroses

Answer 34

Bone | Other tendons/aponeuroses

Question 35

What attaches m directly to bone

Answer 35

Sharpeys fibres

Question 36

Musculotendinous jctn

Answer 36

Link between m fibres and CT needs to withstand high levels of stress during force transmission

Question 37

Protection methods for tendons

Answer 37

Sesamoid bones Synovi bursae Synovial tendon sheaths

Question 38

Muscle types

Answer 38

Smooth/visceral Cardiac Skeletal/voluntary/striated

Question 39

Synovial membrane composition

Answer 39

``` Loose CT Discontinuous layer of cells close to sy fluid space Other cell types (adipocytes etc) Collagen, elastin and reticular fibres Semi fluid GS ```

Question 40

Cells in sy membrane

Answer 40

Some secretory - sy fluid nourish and lubricate cart (HA - GAG is viscous and glycoproteins lubricin) both lubricate Some phagocytic (recycle sy fluid)

Question 41

Blood/n supply

Answer 41

In CT Smallest vessels and single n fibres in endomysium Largest in outer epimysium Tendons have ltd blood supply so heal slowly

Question 42

See hist lab book and ans qs on sheet

Answer 42

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