Glands

Question 1

How are the 2 main categories ided

Answer 1

According to the path of release of their secretions

Question 2

Exocrine

Answer 2

Secrete into a system of ducts opening onto an epithelial surface

Question 3

Endocrine glands

Answer 3

Release their product into the blood/lymph for transport to target tissues in another part of the body

Question 4

Classification of exocrine

Answer 4

Unicellular
Multicellular - simple
Compound

Question 5

Unicellular

Answer 5

Simplest In structure

Eg goblet cell of resp/ digestive tract

Question 6

Goblet cell

Answer 6

Unicellular
Found in resp/digestive tract
Secretes mucin (a glycoprotein) which forms mucus on hydration
Don’t divide, terminally diff

Question 7

Multicellular

Answer 7

Simplest form is epithelia where all/most cells are secretory eg surface epi of gastric mucosa

Question 8

Simple multicellular glands

Answer 8

In branched duct system

May have branched secretory units

Question 9

Compound multicellular gland

Answer 9

Larger gland
Branches duct system
More extensive secretory units

Question 10

Simple types

Answer 10

Tubular
Coiled tubular
Branches tubular
Acinar
Branches acinar

Question 11

Compound

Answer 11

Branches tubular
Acinar
Tubuloacinar

Question 12

Mucus v mucous

Answer 12

Mucus is n

Mucous is adj

Question 13

Simple tubular gland

Answer 13

Straight tube open directly onto epithelial surface
Minimal unbranched duct
Eg gland of intestinal mucosa, large intestine

Question 14

Simple coiled tubular

Answer 14

Coiled secretory unit simple cuboidal epi lining
Unbranched duct stratified cuboidal epi lining
Eg sweat glands of skin

Question 15

Simple branches tubular gland

Answer 15

Terminal secretory portion divided
Unbranched duct
Eg mucus secreting glands of pyloric region of stomach

Question 16

Simple acinar gland

Answer 16

Occur as small pockets in epithelial surfaces

Eg Mucus secreting glands of penile urethra

Question 17

Simple branched acinar

Answer 17

Several secretory acini empty into 1 unbranched duct
Eg sebaceous glands of skin
Eg if Holocrine secretion

Question 18

Compound branched tubular gland

Answer 18

Branches tubular secretory units
Branched ducts
Eg duodenum (Brunner’s glands)

Question 19

Compound acinar gland

Answer 19

Acinar secretory unit secrete into a branched duct system
Eg exocrine pancreas
Acini empty into minute duct at centre of acini cluster which empties into a branched excretory duct (simple cuboidal epi lined)

Question 20

Compound Tubuloacinar gland

Answer 20

Combo of both secretory unit types
Eg mixed salivary glands like mandibular
Tubular secretory portion produce serous secretion
Acinar demo lines produce mucus secretion

Question 21

Classify according to manner of discharge

Answer 21

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

Question 22

Merocrine glands

Answer 22

Aka eccrine
Exocytosis
Secretory contents released through fusion of ltding mem of secretory vesicle with the cell mem
Most common form

Question 23

Apocrine

Answer 23

Intact mem bound vesicles containing secretory product released
Uncommon, only applies to release of lipid secretions from mammary glands and some sweat glands

Question 24

Holocrine glands

Answer 24

Release of secretory cells as a whole with subsequent disintegration of cells causing release of secretory products
Mainly in sebaceous glands

Question 25

Describe due to type of secretion produced

Answer 25

Mucous Serous Sebaceous

Question 26

Mucous secreting

Answer 26

Viscous colloid fluid rich in glycoproteins (mucus, antiseptic enz, immunoglobulin, inorganic salt, pros eg lactoferrin) Mucous glands are part of mucous mem in resp/dig/urogenital tract. Mucus key for protection and lubrication

Question 27

Serous

Answer 27

Fluid rich in water and enz (protective or digestive enz) serous gland part of serous mem and production key for lubrication Can make up part of distinct glands eg salivary

Question 28

What makes up salivary gland

Answer 28

Serous portion for lube Digestive enz Sometimes buffering capacity through high level bicarbonate in secretions

Question 29

Sebaceous

Answer 29

Oily, waxy sebum cont triglycerides, wax, squalene, free fatty acids Found in the skin Sebum helps waterproof skin & hair, has anti microbial properties

Question 30

Eg of sebaceous secretion

Answer 30

Meibomian glands of eye lids produce lipid cogent of tears (w/out they wouldn't be able to adhere to cornea to form tear film) Ear wax also composed of sebum and other things

Question 31

Where to find exocrine glands

Answer 31

Can form discrete glands, forming a definite mass appreciated grossly eg pancreas parotid liver Can form diffuse glands through submucosa of the tissue eg poly stomatic sublingual salivary, sebaceous of the skin

Question 32

Endocrine glands

Answer 32

Ductless Secretory products diffuse directly into the CT of intercellular spaces from which it enters the blood stream Product always hormone

Question 33

Endocrine formation

Answer 33

Most develop in embryo from outgrowths/invagination a of epithelia lining cavities eg adrenal gland pituitary gland Later lose their connections to the surface that they arose from

Question 34

How endocrine secrete

Answer 34

Intimate and dense network of capillaries around cords or follicles of endocrine cells Each clump of cells is also surrounded by a BM indicating epi origin

Question 35

Follicular endocrine gland

Answer 35

Unusual as it stores hormone w/in spherical cavities enclosed by the cells of the gland The cavities are called follicles and are found for eg in the thyroid

Question 36

Glands

Answer 36

Groups of cells specialised for secretion