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Connective Tissue Flashcards

Describe general microscopic structure and functions of connective tissue proper (81 cards)

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1
Q

What are main components of ground substance? (3)

A
  1. anionic, hydrophilic proteoglycans
  2. GAGs
  3. multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, etc.)
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2
Q

All connective tissues originate from ?

A

mesenchyme

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3
Q

Major features of mesenchymal cells? (2)

A
  1. undifferentiated

2. large nuclei

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4
Q

What cells produce most components of ECM?

A

Fibroblasts

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5
Q

What cell contributes to tissue repair/wound contraction? What is it rich in?

A

Myofibroblasts; actin/myosin

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6
Q

Why are macrophages necessary in ECM? (3)

A
  • turnover of ECM fibers (MMP secretion)
  • key participants in immune sys
  • secretion of growth factors/cytokines
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7
Q

Function of plasma cells in ECM?

A

Antibodies

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8
Q

Functions of eosinophilic leukocytes in ECM? (2)

A
  1. modulate allergic rxn’s

2. defense against parasites

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9
Q

Function of neutrophilic leukocytes in ECM?

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria

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10
Q

Function of mast cells & basophilic leukocytes in ECM?

A

Release bioactive components of inflammatory response, innate immunity, & tissue repair

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11
Q 
Derivates of monocytes in:
liver?
CNS?
skin?
bone?
A 
liver = Kupffer cells
CNS = microglial cells
skin = Langerhans cells
bone = osteoclasts
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12
Q

What is metochromasia and which cells do it?

A
  • mast cells

- change color of some basic dyes from blue to purple/red

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13
Q

What 6 molec’s released by mast cells? Functions?

A
  1. Heparin (anticoagulant)
  2. histamine (increased vasc perm & smooth mm contraction)
  3. serine proteases (mediate inflammation)
  4. eosinophil/neutrophil chemotactic factors (attract leukocytes)
  5. cytokines
  6. phospholipid precursors
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14
Q

What immunoglobin class is involved in allergic rxn’s?

A

IgE

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15
Q

Most common locations of mast cells? (2)

A
  1. near small blood vessels (perivascular)

2. lining of digestive/resp tracts (mucosal)

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16
Q

Descriptive features of plasma cells?

A
  • large, ovoid cells
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • round nuceli
  • “clock-face” appearance
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17
Q

3 main types of fibers in ECM?

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic fibers
  3. reticular fibers
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18
Q

Describe collagen type I

A
  • most abundant & widely dist collagen

- forms large, eosinophilic bundles (collagen fibers)

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19
Q

Fibrillar collagens are comprised of which types?

A

Types 1,2,3

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20
Q

Describe Type 4 collagens

A
  • network or sheet-forming
  • major structural proteins of external/epithelial basal laminae
  • subunits produced by epithelial cells
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21
Q

Describe Type 7 collagens

A
  • linking/anchoring collagens
  • link fibrillar collagens
  • also binds Type 4 collagen
  • anchors basal lamina to reticular lamina in BM
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22
Q

What is a keloid?

A

Local swelling caused by abnormally large amt’s of collagen that form in scars of skin

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23
Q

Major amino acid components of type 1 collagen? (3)

A
  • proline
  • lysine
  • glycine (every 3rd AA)
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24
Q

Major steps of type 1 collagen synth?

A
  1. procollagen alpha chains produced in RER
  2. ER hydroxylase enzymes add OH groups to Pro/Lys res
  3. glycosylation of some hydroxy-Lys
  4. in RER, C-terminal regions of 3 alpha chains are stabilized by cysteine disulfide bonds
  5. transported thru Golgi/vesicles & secreted
  6. outside cell, procollagen peptidases remove terminal globular peptides –> collagen
  7. fibrillar structures formed & reinforced by formation of covalent cross-links (catalyzed by lysyl oxidase)
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25
How do collagens stain in H&E and Mallory trichrome stain?
- acidophilic - stain pink w/ eosin - stain blue w/ Mallory trichrome
26
Major component of reticular fibers?
collagen type 3
27
Staining strategies for reticular fibers?
- rarely visible in H&E - stained black w/ silver salts (argyrophilic) - PAS positive due to high content of sugar chains
28
- Faulty transc/translation of collagen type 3 | - leads to aortic/intestinal rupture
Ehlers-Danlos Type 4
29
- faulty Lys hydroxylation - increased skin elasticity - eyeball rupture
Ehlers-Danlos type 6
30
- decrease in procollagen peptidase activity - increased articular mobility - freq luxation (dislocation)
Ehlers-Danlos type 7
31
- change of 1 nt in genes for collagen type 1 - spont fractures - cardiac insufficiency
Osteogenesis imperfecta
32
Where do reticular fibers occur?
- reticular lamina of BM - microvasc of liver & endocrine glands - surr adipocytes, smooth mm, nerve fibers, & small blood vessels - bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes
33
Where do elastic lamellae occur?
Walls of arteries
34
What are elastic fibers composed of?
Fibrillin --> microfibrils --> elastin
35
Main characteristic of elastic fibers?
- bound firmly by desmosine rings - stretch reversibly when force applied - usually resists protease digestion
36
How do elastic fibers stain?
- darkly | - use orcein or aldehyde fuchsin
37
Cause and major effect of Marfan syndrome?
- cause: mutations in fibrillin-1 gene (needed for tropoelastin) - effect: aortic aneurysms b/c of lack of elasticity in high BP aorta
38
3 major macromolec's in ground substance?
1. GAGs 2. proteoglycans 3. multiadhesive glycoproteins
39
Synth and function of hyaluronan?
- synth directly into ECM by hyaluronan synthase | - binds large amt of H2O to allow molec diffusion thru connective tissue + lubrication
40
4 major GAGs?
1. dermatan sulfate 2. chondroitin sulfates 3. keratan sulfate 4. heparan sulfate
41
Where are GAG side chains added to proteoglycans?
Golgi apparatus
42
4 major proteoglycans?
1. perlecan 2. aggrecan (joins hyaluronan) 3. decorin (ironically not very decorated w/ GAGs) 4. syndecan
43
2 major multiadhesive glycoproteins?
1. laminin | 2. fibronectin
44
What comprises focal adhesions?
integrin-microfilament complexes that cluster in fibroblasts/mesenchymal cells
45
Defining features of areolar tissue (loose connective tissue)
- most numerous cells are fibroblasts - delicate consistency - flexible, yields to stress
46
Describe dense irregular connective tissue
- lots of fibroblasts - many bundled type 1 collagen fibers - bundles are randomly interwoven - stress-resistant
47
Examples of dense irregular connective tissue?
- deep dermis layer of skin | - capsules surr most organs
48
Describe dense regular connective tissue
- mostly fibroblasts & type 1 collagen bundles | - aligned in parallel for same direction stress-resistance
49
Examples of dense regular connective tissue
- tendons - aponeuroses - ligaments
50
Major component of reticular tissue?
type 3 collagen
51
Major associations of reticular tissue?
- hemopoietic tissue (bone marrow) | - lymph nodes for easy lymph passahe
52
What is mucoid connective tissue also called and where is it found?
- Wharton's jelly - main component of fetal umbilical cord - abundant ground substance
53
What 2 types of cells does connective tissue originate from?
1. mesenchymal cells | 2. hematopoietic cells
54
Resident cells of connective tissue?
- mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts)
55
Immigrant cells of connective tissue?
- hematopoietic stem cells (macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell)
56
Transient cells of connective tissue?
- hematopoietic stem cells (leukocytes: lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils)
57
Where is type 1 collagen found?
- bone - tendon - dentin - skin
58
Associations of type 2 collagen?
- hyaline | - elastic cartilage
59
First type of collagen synth during wound healing?
Type 3, replaced by type 1
60
Where does type 4 collagen occur?
Basal lamina
61
What types of collagen are synth by smooth mm cells?
1 and 3
62
What 3 cell types synth elastic fibers?
1. fibroblasts (skin/tendons) 2. chondroblasts (elastic cartilage of ear/throat tubes) 3. smooth mm cells (aorta & resp tree)
63
What disease: - tall pt w/ long limbs - arachnodactyly (long fingers/toes) - mitral valve prolapse - dilation of root of aorta - aortic distension
Marfan syndrome
64
Histo features of macrophages? (3)
1. abundant lysosomes 2. numerous phagosomes for transient storage of ingested materials 3. irregular nucleus
65
Histo features of mast cells? (2)
- numerous basophilic cytoplasmic granules | - resemble basophils but DO NOT circ in blood like basophils
66
2 types of mast cells?
1. connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs); T cell-ind | 2. mucosa mast cells (MMCs); T cell-dep
67
Mechanism of hay fever?
Histamine increased vasc permeability --> edema
68
What are plasma cells derived from?
Differentiation of B lymphocytes
69
Histo features of plasma cells? (3)
1. well-dvp'd RER 2. extensive Golgi 3. prominent nucleolus
70
LM features of plasma cells? (3)
1. basophilic cytoplasm 2. area around nuceus is acidophilic (Golgi) 3. cartwheel configuration of nucleus due to heterochromatin dist
71
Histo features of lymphocytes?
- smallest free cells - nucleus occupies most of cell - thin rim of cytoplasm
72
Histo features of neutrophils?
- segmented nucleus (poly-morpho-nuclear) - cytoplasmic granules - defensins (defensive proteins)
73
Histo features of eosinophils?
- bilobed nucleus w/ eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules
74
What cells synth IgE?
Plasma cells
75
What is a key function of macrophages in ECM turnover?
MMP secretion
76
What is 1st step in collagen synth that occurs after exocytosis?
Removal of terminal globular (nonhelical) domains by peptidases
77
What molecule contains binding sites for integrins and is an important part of ECM in both loose connective & dense irregular connective tissue?
Fibronectin (multiadhesive glycoprotein)
78
What function of desmosine and isodesmosine help establish efficient lung function?
Cross-linking elastin
79
What is lamina propria?
A thin layer of loose (areolar) connective tissue that lies beneath epithelium
80
What 3 cell layers constitute mucosa?
1. lamina propria 2. epithelium 3. basement membrane
81
Difference in ration of cell to ground substance composition of loose and dense connective tissue?
- loose connective tissue has more cells | - dense connective tissue has more ground substance

Histology (7 decks)

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