Cytoplasm

Question 1

Hematoxylin

Answer 1

basic (cationic); stain blue-black; stains acidic structures

Question 2

Eosin

Answer 2

stains pink-red; acidic (anionic); stains basic structures

Question 3

H&E stains: nucleus/cytoplasm/collagen/cartilage/RBCs/adipose

Answer 3

blue/dark purple
pink
very pink
dark blue
dark red
white

Question 4

Mallory’s trichrome stain

RBCs/muscle/collagen

Answer 4

orange
red
blue

Question 5

Masson’s trichrome stain

nucleus/keratin & muscle fibers/collagen & mucin/cytoplasm

Answer 5

dark brown/black
red
blue/green
light red/pink

Question 6

Van Gieson’s strain

collagen/everything else

Answer 6

red

yellow

Question 7

Periodic acid & Shiff’s reagent (PAS)

carb groups color & counterstain method

Answer 7

pink/magenta

counterstain w/ hematoxylin

Question 8

diameter of:
RBC
nucleus

Answer 8

RBC = 7 micro
nucleus = 2-9 micro

Question 9

macromolecule proportions in PM

Answer 9

45% lipid
50% protein
5% carb

Question 10

E-leaflet components & functions

Answer 10

phosphatidylcholine (signaling)

sphingomyelinase (myelin sheath)

Question 11

P-leaflet components & functions

Answer 11

phosphotidylethanolamine (nervous tissue, cell division)
phoshpatidylserine (apoptosis, coagulation)
phosphotidylinositol (signaling, membrane trafficking)

Question 12

Accumulation of sphingomyelin; deficiency in lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase; neuro damage; what are the types?

Answer 12

Niemann-Pick disease
Type A: infants; jaundice, enlarged liver, brain damage
Type B: pre-teens; hepatosplenomegaly

Question 13

Degradation of myelin sheath; loss of signal transduction capability; upregulation of CSF cytokines that increase sphingomyelinase

Answer 13

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Question 14

Xs sphingomyelin in RBC membrane; xs lipid accumulation in outer leaflet of RBC PM; acanthocytes

Answer 14

Abetalipoproteinemia

Question 15

Abnormal CFTR Cl- membrane channel proteins; higher viscosity of mucus lining resp tract; blockage of smaller bronchioles; infection; poor lung function; death

Answer 15

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Question 16

Defective cysteine carrier proteins can’t remove cystine from lumen of proximal renal tubule; high Cys conc –> Cys stones; recurrent kidney stones; pts aged 10-30

Answer 16

Cystinuria

Question 17

2 major functions of SER?

Answer 17

1. Fatty acid & phospholipid synthesis

2. Detoxification (P450)

Question 18

3 types of cells where SER most prevalent?

Answer 18

1. Hepatocytes
2. Adrenocorticoidal cells
3. Leydig cells

Question 19

Special function of SER in muscle cells?

Answer 19

Sequestering/releasing Ca2+ (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Question 20

What disease:

• emphysema (COPD)
• impaired liver function
• decreased A1AT activity

Answer 20

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency

Question 21

What disease:

• muscle weakness (especially extraocular mm)
• degenerative CNS due to loss of CN1 fibers
• abnormally high levels of lactic acid
• any age group

Answer 21

Mitochondrial cytopathy syndromes

Question 22

What disease:

• muscle weakness
• ataxia (NS degeneration)
• seizures
• cardiac/resp failure
• aggregates of abnormal mitochondria

Answer 22

Myoclonic epilepsy w/ ragged red fibers (MERRF)

Question 23

Cause of MERRF?

Answer 23

Mutation of mDNA encoding Lys –> 2 abnormal complexes in ETC of resp enxymes, affecting ATP production

Question 24

Major roles of peroxisomes besides H2O2 decomposition? (2)

Answer 24

Lipid catabolism by beta-oxidation of long-chained FA + cholesterol biosynth

Question 25

Function of plasmalogen?

Answer 25

- membrane phospholipid that protects cells against singlet oxygen

Question 26

What disease: - facial, bone, & joint deformities - restricted limb movement - loss of speech & learning ability - intellectual disabilities - freq lung infections & heart disease - hepatosplenomegaly

Answer 26

Lysosomal storage disease

Question 27

What disease: - multisystem lipidosis - organomegaly - bone pains - susceptibility to fractures - common in Asheknazi Jews - hematological changes

Answer 27

Gaucher disease

Question 28

Main cause of Gaucher disease?

Answer 28

- deficient activity of lysosomal hydrolase (glucocerebridase)

Question 29

What disease is this: - children of northeast European Jewish or Cajun ancestry - vegetative state followed by death in Yr3 of life - loss of motor skills - increased startle rxn - macullar pallor & retinal cherry red spot - decreased eye contact - progressive blindness

Answer 29

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 30

Cause of Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 30

- absence of lysosomal galactosidase (beta-hexosaminidase) | - accumulation of GM2 gangliosides w/i residual bodies of neurons interferes w/ cell function

Question 31

What disease is this: - defective integral protein used for transport of long-chain FA into peroxisome - accumulation of fatty acids (FA) in body fluids can disrupt myelin sheaths in nerve tissue - neuro problems

Answer 31

Adrenoleukodystrophy (peroxisomal disorder)

Question 32

What disease is this: - congenital, incurable, fatal disease in newborns - death after 1yr due to liver/resp failure - dysmorphic faces - progressive degeneration of brain/liver/kidney - hypotonic - seizures - poor feeding - hearing loss - retinal dystrophy

Answer 32

Zellweger syndrome (peroxisomal disorder)

Question 33

Cause of Zellweger syndrome?

Answer 33

- peroxisomal targeting signal receptors missing from peroxisomal membranes - peroxisomes can't perform beta-oxidation of long chain FA for plasmalogen synth - needed for myelin

Question 34

What is lipofuscin & how does it appear?

Answer 34

- rep's an accumulating by-product of lysosomal digestion in long-lived cells - yellow/brown pigment - membrane-bound

Question 35

What is hemosiderin, how does it appear, & where is it found?

Answer 35

- contains ferritin (iron storage) - very electron-dense - brownish, resembles lipofuscin - indigestible remnants of Hb - found in spleen, alveolar macrophages in lung tissue

Question 36

Classification & function of keratin?

Answer 36

- fibrous structural protein | - protects epithelial cells from damage/stress (ie provides mechanical stability)

Question 37

Major factor in establishing electrochemical gradient in ETC?

Answer 37

Proton-translocating activity in inner membrane

Question 38

Function of chaperonins?

Answer 38

- prevent misfolding & aggregation of proteins