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Anatomy and Physiology > Connective Tissue and Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and Muscle Tissue Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Three components of connective tissue

A

Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

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2
Q

Types of resident cells and their functions

A

Fibroblasts - Producing ground substance and fibers

Adipocytes - Fat cells that provide structure, cushion, etc.

Mesenchymal - Type of embryonic stem cell within the connective tissue. Required for repair of damaged connective tisse

Fixed macrophages - Large, irregular shaped cells. Dispersed within the matrix and phagocytize damaged cells and pathogens

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3
Q

Wandering vs Resident Cells

A

Wandering cells - continuously move throughout the connective tissue proper.

Resident cells - stationary cells. Permanently housed within the connective tissue. Support, maintain, repair.

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4
Q

Types of protein fibers

A

Collagen fibers - long, unbranched fibers that are strong, flexible and resistant to stretching. Collagen provides 25% of the body’s protein fibers.

Reticular fibers - smaller than collagen. Branching, interwoven framework.

Elastic fibers - Branch and rejoin. Stretch and recoil easily

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5
Q

Ground substance. Rundown

A

Substance that the connective tissue cells and protein fibers reside in.

Varying amounts of water and large molecules.

GAGs attract and absorb water as nonpolar hydrophilic molecules and affect the viscosity of the ground substance

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6
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Physical protection, support and structural framework

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7
Q

Types of embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue

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8
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Ground substance is viscous fluid with immature protein fibers

Origin for all other connective tissues

Throughout body of the embryo and fetus

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9
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

Ground substance is viscous fluid; immature protein fibers are more abundant here than in mesenchyme

Support of structures in umbilical cord

Found only in umbilical cord

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10
Q

Connective tissue classification

A

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

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11
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

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12
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular

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13
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

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14
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage
Bone

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15
Q

Cartilage

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage

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16
Q

Bone

A

Compact, spongy

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17
Q

Fluid connective tisseu

A

Blood, lymph

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18
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Scattered fibroblasts with an abundant of viscous ground substance; few elastic and collagen fibers; many blood vessels

Protects tissues and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue; provides space for blood vessels and nerves

Papillary layer (superficial layer underneath epidermis) of the dermis; surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and component of blood walls

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19
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Closely packed adipocytes; nucleus pushed to edge of cell

Stores energy, cushions, protects

Subcutaneous layer (deepest layer of skin); surrounds and covers some organs

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20
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Some fibroblasts; numerous leukocytes within a viscous ground substance; meshwork of reticular fibers

Provides supportive framework to lymphatic organs

Spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Brown vs White adipose connective tissue

A

Brown is found in newborns and generates heat

White is used for longterm energy storage

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23
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts squeezed between densely packed layers of collagen fibers. (think lasagna)

Attaches bone to bone (ligaments); muscle to bone (tendons); resists stress applied in one direction

Tendons and ligaments

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24
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts packed between densely but randomly arranged collagen fibers. More ground substance than regular connective tissue, more blood vessels

Withstands stress applied in all directions; durable

Reticular layer of dermis; epimysium (sheath surrounded skeletal muscle); the epineurium (sheath surrounding nerves), periosteum (sheath surrounding bone) and perichondrium (sheath surrounding cartilage)

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25
Elastic connective tissue
Limited fibroblasts between densely packed elastic fibers Allows for recoil and stretching Walls of elastic arteries; trachea, vocal cords
26
Chondrocytes
Mature cartilage cells Secrete chemical that prevents blood vessel growth and formation within the extracellular matrix.
27
Lacunae
Small spaces that are occupied by chondrocytes
28
Hyaline
Irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae; collagen fibers Provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton Top of nose; trachea; most of larynx; most of fetal skeleton
29
Fibrocartilage
Large chondrocytes in lacunae; parallel collagen fibers; limited ground substance Weight-bearing cartilage that resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee joints
30
Elastic cartilage
Closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae; abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh Maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility External ear; epiglottis of larynx
31
Bone connective tissue rundown
Known as osseous connective tissue More solid than cartilage and provides greater support. Extensively vascularized
32
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells Also housed in lacunae
33
Compact bone
Appears completely solid but isn't Perforated by nuerovascular canals
34
Osteons
Cylindrical structures which display concentric rings of bone connective tissue
35
Lamellae
Bone connective tissue that is concentrated around a central canal
36
Blood
Connective tissue composed of formed elements Erythrocytes (red blood cells), and leukocytes (white blood cells).
37
What is ground substance called in blood
Plasma
38
Lymph
Derived from blood plasma, but contains no cellular components of fragments.
39
Function of Connective Tissue Proper
Binds structures together
40
Function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Forms tendons that bind muscle to bone and ligaments that bind bone to bone
41
Dense irregular Connective Tissue
Binds tissues (e.g. connects epidermis to underlying subcutaneous layer)
42
Function of Elastic Connective Tissue
Allows for stretching and recoil in some structure
43
Function of Adipose Connective Tissue
Supports and surrounds structures and organs; forms the subcutaneous layer, which binds the skin to the underlying muscle
44
Function of Reticular Connective Tissue
Supports and forms the stroma of various structures and organs
45
Which connective tissue houses leukocytes?
Reticular Connective Tissue
46
Areolar Connective Tissue
Protects tissues and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue
47
Function of elastic cartilage
Maintains shape while permitting extensive flexbility
48
Function of Hyaline Cartilage
Protection and structural support, with more flexibility than bone
49
Function of fibrocartilage
Withstands compression, acts as a shock absorber in some joints
50
Function of Bone
Protection and structural support, more rigid and solid than cartilage; serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorous
51
Function of Blood
Transport of nutrients, gases and wastes through body
52
Functions of muscle tissue
Contract Conduct heat Elastic Extensible Excitable
53
Skeletal muscle tissue
Long, cylindrical fibers arranged parallel and unbranched; fibers are multinucleated Responsible for movement of the skeleton Attaches to bones or sometimes skin
54
Cardiac muscle tissue
Short, typically branching cells that contain one or two centrally located nuclei; visible striations; intercalated discs between cells Pumps blood through heart and blood vessels Heart wall
55
Smooth muscle tissue
Short and fusiform cells that lack striations; cells contain one centrally located nucleus Moves and propels material through internal organs; controls the size of the lumen Walls of hollow internal organs such as intestines, stomach, airways, etc.
56
Striations
Light and dark bands that reflect the overlapping pattern of protein filaments
57
Nervous tissue
Contains neurons, which have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon that extend from the cell body Neurons receive, process and transmit nerve impulses, glial cells help protect, nourish and support neurons Brian, spinal cord, and nerves
58
Neurons
Cells in nervous tissue
59
Glial cells
Do not transmit nerve impulses but instead nourish, protect, and support neurons
60
Nerve cell processes
Branches from cell body
61
Dendrites
Shorter and more numerous nerve cell processes
62
Axon
Longer single nerve cell process
63

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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