✅Connective Tissues

Question 1

What does the musculoskeletal system do?

Answer 1

• Bones act as stiff levers
  • Muscles act to move bones
  • Movement only occurs at joints
  • Tendons connect muscles to bones
• Ligaments limit movement of joints

Question 2

What are examples of what bone connective tissues do?

Answer 2

– Support the body
– Protect vital organs
– Reservoir of minerals
– Leverage
– Blood cell production

Question 3

What are examples of what cartilage connect tissues do?

Answer 3

– Support hard
tissues (bones)
– Smooth, gliding surfaces for articulations
– Development and growth of long bones

Question 4

What are 3 types of cartilage connective tissue?

Answer 4

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic

Question 5

Describe Hyaline (common Connector)

Answer 5

Covers articular bone surfaces, connects ribs to sternum, abundant structural component in the respiratory system

Question 6

Describe Fibrous (strong and rigid)

Answer 6

Intervertebral discs, abundant fibrous elements

Question 7

Describe Elastic (flexible)

Answer 7

External ear, epiglottis, provides framework, large number of elastic fibres

Question 8

Where are intervertebral discs?

Answer 8

Between each pair of vertebrae

Question 9

What are the two regions of intervertebral discs?

Answer 9

• Annulus Fibrosis

- Nucleus Pulposus

Question 10

What do intervertebral discs do?

Answer 10

• Allow movement between vertebrae

- Provide Load bearing

Question 11

Describe the Annulus Fibrosis (fibrous ring)

Answer 11

– Layers of collagen in fibrocartilage
– Collagen fibres run parallel to each other within the layers
– Different layers are at different orientations
– Angles 60-75 ̊to horizontal

Question 12

Describe the nucleus pulposis

Answer 12

Highly hydrated gel core (75% water)

Question 13

What happens with loading of intervertebral discs?

Answer 13

• Disc compresses
• Side walls bulge
• Collagen fibres control wall bulge

Question 14

How do you get a herniated disc?

Answer 14

Failure either through end plates or disc wall when loading

Question 15

What happens with failure of end plates of discs?

Answer 15

Extrusion of disc into vertebra reduces disc height & compresses nerve

Question 16

When is a spine flexed?

Answer 16

When leaning over

Question 17

What does a flexed spine mean?

Answer 17

That the front of disc in compression back in tension

Question 18

What happens when a disc is in flexion?

Answer 18

Compressedside of disc bulges, tensile side straightens

Question 19

What happens in forward flexion?

Answer 19

nucleus pulposus
is squeezed backwards

Question 20

What happens when a disc is in rotation?

Answer 20

In one direction fibres in annulus fibrosis are stretched, fibres in other direction relax

Question 21

What is a herniated disc?

Answer 21

• Discprotrudesand thus reduces the intervertebral foramen
• Compresses the nerve

Question 22

What are ligaments?

Answer 22

Ligaments are dense fibrous tissues.

Question 23

What is ligaments function?

Answer 23

To connect the articular extremities of bones (i.e. Bone to bone)

Question 24

What do ligaments help?

Answer 24

To stabilise the articulations of bones at joints

Question 25

What do anterior discs have?

Answer 25

havelarge anterior ligament

Question 26

What are posterior discs?

Answer 26

ligament between spinal column and vertebrae

Question 27

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

Answer 27

Hyperextention

Question 28

What are the spinal ligaments?

Answer 28

- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament | • Posteriorlongitudinal ligament • Interspinousligament • Superspinousligament • Ligamentumflavum

Question 29

What are tendons?

Answer 29

Dense fibrous connective tissues.

Question 30

What do tendons do?

Answer 30

They attach muscles to bones. | They transmit the forces exerted by the muscles to the attaches bones

Question 31

What are articulations? (Joints)

Answer 31

- Point of contact between two bones | - Point where bones are held together

Question 32

How are articulations classified?

Answer 32

1. Function | 2. Structure

Question 33

What are the joints classified by function?

Answer 33

– synarthrosis -> Immovable – amphiarthrosis -> slightly movable diarthrosis -> freely movable

Question 34

What are the joints classified by structure?

Answer 34

- Fibrous -> Synarthrosis - Cartilaginous -> Amphiarthrosis Synovial -> Diarthrosis

Question 35

Describe suture

Answer 35

– Bones tightly bound by minimal fibrous tissue | – Skull only

Question 36

Describe Syndemoses

Answer 36

– Bones connected by ligaments – E.g. tibiofibular ligament, interosseous membrane of radius/ulna

Question 37

Describe Gomphoses

Answer 37

– Peg in socket joint – Only found in teeth/alveoli

Question 38

Describe Synchondrosis

Answer 38

– Hyaline cartilage unites bones – Epiphyseal growth plates | – Costal cartilage-sternum

Question 39

Describe Symphyses

Answer 39

– Fibrocartilage unites bones – Pubic symphysis – Intervertebral disc

Question 40

What are the most common joints in the body?

Answer 40

Synovial Joints

Question 41

Why are Synovial joints the most mobile?

Answer 41

– Completely enclosed in joint capsule formed from ligamentous connective tissue – Surrounded by a synovial membrane

Question 42

What are components of the synovial joints?

Answer 42

– Articular surfaces on bone with hyaline cartilage, the articular cartilages – Synovial fluid within capsule lubricates joint

Question 43

What surround the entire synovial joint, to support, strengthen, reinforce the joint?

Answer 43

Ligaments

Question 44

What pass across or around a synovial joint to transmit force from muscles

Answer 44

Tendons

Question 45

What may be connected to the synovial joint cavity or may be separate from it?

Answer 45

Bursae

Question 46

What do bursae do?

Answer 46

Reduce friction | Shock absorbers

Question 47

Why do Some synovial joints have cartilage, fat pads, menisci and/or articular discs (e.g. knee)

Answer 47

– subdivide a synovial cavity, – channel the flow of synovial fluid, – allow variations in the shapes of articular surfaces

Question 48

What are the 6 types of movement joints?

Answer 48

- Gliding - hinge - pivot - condyloid - saddle - Ball-and-sock

Question 49

What are cartilage?

Answer 49

translucent elastic tissue that can be found on some articular bony surfaces and in some organs such as the nose and the ear.

Question 50

What are fascia?

Answer 50

covers body structures and separates them from each other