✅Paralysis Flashcards by Erinrose Doherty

What is muscle tone?

The residual resistance to imposed movement in resting muscles

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What is paralysis?

The loss of voluntary activation of muscle.

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What is hypotonia?

The loss of normal muscle tone.

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What is hyperreflexia (spasticity)

Overactive or overresponsive reflexes

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What is rigidity?

Continuous increased tone, not velocity dependent

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What is a tremor?

Involuntary oscillation of body part.

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What is a ataxia?

Poorly coordinated movement.

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When is SCI first diagnosed?

When the patient presents loss if function below the level of injury

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What are the 8 signs and symptoms of SCI

Extreme pain or pressure in the neck,head or back
• Tingling or loss of sensation in the hand,fingers,feet,or toes
Partial or complete loss of control over any part of the body
Urinary or bowel urgency,incontinence,or retention
• Difficulty with balance and walking
• Abnormal band-like sensations in the thorax-pain,pressure
Impaired breathing after injury
• Unusual lumps on the head or spine

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The higher the SCI on the vertebral column, or the closer it is to the brain has more effect on what?

How the body moves and what one can feel

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What are present with injuries at lower levels?

Movement, feeling and voluntary control

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How does tetraplegia occur?

results from injuries to the spinal cord in the cervical (neck) region, with associated loss of muscle strength in all four extremities.

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How does paraplegia occur?

results from injuries to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar areas, resulting in paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body.

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What is a complete SCI?

A complete SCI produces a total loss of all motor and sensory function below the level of injury

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What is an incomplete SCI?

In an incomplete SCI, some function remains below the primary level of the injury. A person with an incomplete injury may be able to move one arm or a leg more than the other, or may have more functioning on one side of the body than the other.

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What is SCI hemisection also known as?

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

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Why is pain and temperature sensations lost on the opposite side of the body?

because these pathways cross to the opposite side shortly after they enter the spinal cord.

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What major muscles are affected by motor impairment related to level of SCI

Diaphragm
Deltoid, biceps
Triceps, extensors of the wrist
Interossei, abductor of 5th digit
Quadriceps
Long extensor of great toe
Plantar flexors, gastrocnemius

What major sensory areas are affected by sensory impairment related to level of SCI?

Clavicle
5th finger
Nipples
Umbilicus
Inguinal Ligament
Anterior surface of thigh
Great toe
Lateral aspect of foot
Perineum

What are the three types of stroke?

Haemorrhagic stroke
Ischemic stroke
Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

What is a stroke?

Rapid death of brain tissue due to disturbance of blood supply

What is a haemorrhagic stroke? What percentage of stoke patients have this type?

A blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, causing brain cell death

10-15%

What is an Ischemic stroke? What percentage of stroke patients suffer this type?

A blood clot forms in a main artery, blocking and reducing blood supply, causing brain-cell death.

80-90%

What is a TIA?

TIA)- mini stroke that resolves within 24hrs, early warning of full stroke risk (15% of strokes preceded by TIA).

How does cerebral palsy occur?

Oxygen deprivation at birth

What will the effect of stroke depend on?

What blood vessels are involved

What can Brain Stem Strokes lead to?

'Locked in syndrome'

What can a spinal cord stroke lead to?

Effective spinal cord injury

What will you see in a neurological examination

-Paralysis on one side of the body (face, arms, legs) | – Vision problems – Speech problems – Memory loss

What is fast?

Face Arms Speech Time

What is the treatment time after the ischemic stroke?

Ideally within 4.5hrs of event – If ischemic can use plasminogen activators (tPA) to break up clots. tPA is administered by injection into vein. – Aspirin (or anticoagulants) also used to help prevent clotting

What is needed for a haemorrhagic stroke?

Surgical intervention may be needed. – Aneurysm Clipping • Clipping blocks of the blood vessel with the aneurysm to prevent reoccurrence of the bleed. • Coil embolization- a coil is placed into the aneurysm site via a catheter and will cause a blood clot to form. This will block blood flow through the aneurysm and prevent it from bursting again

Give 9 examples of long term effects of stroke

1. Paralysis (face, arm, leg or entire side of body) (hemiplegia) 2. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) 3. Ataxia (poorly coordinated movements, cerebellar involvement) 4. Spasticity and contractures 5. Paraesthesia (loss of sensation) 6. Pain 7. Aphasia (difficulty in understanding language) 8. Cognitive impairment and memory problems 9. Mood disorders

What are movement disorders?

A group of conditions/diseases/syndromes that affect the nervous system and cause abnormal voluntary and involuntary movements. They also can result in slow or reduced movements.

What are there many different forms of?

Movement disorders

Give an example of a movement disorder?

Parkinson's disease

How does Parkinson's disease occur?

Loss of dopamine from substantial Nigra

What are the 4 cardinal signs of PD?

1. Rest Tremor 2. Bradykinesia (slowness of movement) 3. Rigidity 4. Postural Instability

How is Parkinson's disease diagnosed?

Diagnosis normally is made if the patient presents with 3 of the above and if the symptoms are suppressed by L-DOPA treatment. Diagnosis can be further confirmed by positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan showing reduced dopamine uptake.

What does deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease target?

subthalamic nucleus with electrical stimulation via implanted electrodes

What are the types of pathological tremor?

Rest Tremor (e.g. Parkinson’s Disease) – Action Tremor • Postural Tremor (arms outreached, eg Essential Tremor) • Kinetic Tremor – Non-goal directed kinetic tremor (flex/ext) – Intention Tremor (goal directed tremor, finger to finger)

What is functional electric stimulation (FES)?

a treatment that applies small electrical charges to the leg to improve mobility in people who have difficulties with walking arising from damage in their brain or spinal cord. In MS it is mostly used as a treatment for foot drop.

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain