✅Organisation Of The Nervous System 2

Question 1

What are the six regions of the brain?

Answer 1

1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon
4. Midbrain
5. Pons
6. Medulla oblongata

Question 2

What does the cerebrum control?

Answer 2

• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
• Memory storage and processing
• Conscious and subconscious regulation
of skeletal muscle contractions

Question 3

What does the cerebellum control?

Answer 3

• Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
• Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

Question 4

What is the largest part of the brain?

Answer 4

The cerebrum

Question 5

What controls higher mental functions?

Answer 5

The cerebrum

Question 6

What is the cerebrum divided into?

Answer 6

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

What is the neural Cortex?

Answer 7

a layer of gray matter that covers most of the cerebral surface

Question 8

What does the cerebral cortex form a series of?

Answer 8

1. Elevated ridges (gyri), that serves to increase its surface.
2. The gyri are separated by shallow depressions called (sulci)
3. Or by deep grooves called (fissures)

Question 9

What is the second largest part of the brain?

Answer 9

The cerebellum

Question 10

What does the cerebellum coordinate?

Answer 10

Coordinates repetitive body movements (by adjusting ongoing movements by comparing arriving sensations with previously experienced sensations, allowing you to perform the same movements over and over).

Question 11

How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

Answer 11

2

Question 12

What is the layer of grey matter that covers the cerebellum surface?

Answer 12

cerebellar cortex

Question 13

Where is the diencephalon located?

Answer 13

under cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 14

What does the diencephalon link?

Answer 14

Links cerebrum with brain stem

Question 15

What are the three divisions of the diencephalon

Answer 15

1. Left thalamus
2. Right thalamus
3. Hypothalamus

Question 16

What do thalamus do?

Answer 16

Each contains relays and processing centers for sensory information

Question 17

What do hypothalamus do?

Answer 17

contains centres involved with emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production

Question 18

What is the pituitary gland

Answer 18

A Major endocrine gland

Question 19

What is the pituitary gland connected to?

Answer 19

hypothalamus via infundibulum (narrow stalk)

Question 20

What are the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland responsible for?

Answer 20

the integration of the nervous and endocrine systems.

Question 21

What is the diencephalon a structural and functional link between?

Answer 21

the cerebral hemispheres and the components of the brain stem.

Question 22

What does the brain stem do?

Answer 22

Processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum
or cerebellum

Question 23

What does the brain stem include?

Answer 23

• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata

Question 24

What does the midbrain process?

Answer 24

Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes

Question 25

What does the midbrain contain?

Answer 25

contains nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli.

Question 26

What does the midbrain maintain?

Answer 26

Maintains consciousness

Question 27

What does the pons connects

Answer 27

Connects cerebellum to brain stem

Question 28

What does the pons contain?

Answer 28

Contains nuclei involved in somatic and visceral motor control

Question 29

What does the medulla oblongata connect?

Answer 29

Connects brain to spinal cord

Question 30

What does the medulla oblongata do?

Answer 30

• Relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centres in other portions of the brain stem. • Regulates autonomic functions • Heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

Question 31

What is the brain?

Answer 31

The brain is a large, delicate mass of neural tissue

Question 32

What is the order for complexity in the brain?

Answer 32

Ascending from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, brain functions become more complex and variable

Question 33

Where are Conscious thought and intelligence produced?

Answer 33

In the neural cortex of the cerebral hemispheres

Question 34

What are the physical protection for the brain

Answer 34

• Bones of the cranium • Cranial meninges • Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 35

What creates biochemical isolation?

Answer 35

Blood-brain barrier

Question 36

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

Answer 36

1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

Question 37

What are cranial meninges continuous with?

Answer 37

spinal meninges

Question 38

What do cranial meninges protect the brain from?

Answer 38

cranial trauma

Question 39

What does the dura mater contain?

Answer 39

* Inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer) • Outer fibrous layer (periosteal layer) fused to periosteum * Venous sinuses between two layers

Question 40

What does the arachnoid mater do?

Answer 40

Covers brain, providing a smooth surface that does not follow the brain’s underlying folds. • Contacts epithelial layer of dura mater

Question 41

What is there a subarachnoid space between?

Answer 41

The arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Question 42

How is the pia mater connected to the brain?

Answer 42

by astrocytes

Question 43

What are the dural folds?

Answer 43

Folded inner layer of dura mater

Question 44

What do the dural folds do?

Answer 44

• Extend into cranial cavity • Stabilize and support brain

Question 45

What do the dural folds contain?

Answer 45

collecting veins (dural sinuses)

Question 46

What are the three largest dural folds

Answer 46

1. Falx cerebri 2. Tentorium cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli

Question 47

What does Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) surround?

Answer 47

Exposed surfaces of the CNS

Question 48

What are the functions of CSF?

Answer 48

• Cushions delicate neural structures • Supports brain • In essence, the brain is suspended inside the cranium and floats in the CSF. • Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

Question 49

What effect does cerebrovascular disease have?

Answer 49

Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain

Question 50

When do strokes occur?

Answer 50

* occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is shut off. * Affected neurons begin to die in a matter of minutes

Question 51

What does the BBB do?

Answer 51

Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation

Question 52

How is the BBB formed?

Answer 52

Formed by network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries

Question 53

What can diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord?

Answer 53

Only lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and small alcohols

Question 54

What are astrocytes?

Answer 54

cells that are in close contact with CNS capillaries

Question 55

How do astrocytes control the BBB?

Answer 55

Releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium so these cells play a key supporting role in the blood–brain barrier

Question 56

What happens if the astrocytes are damaged or stop stimulating?

Answer 56

the endothelial cells, the blood–brain barrier disappears.

Question 57

How is the blood- CSF barrier formed?

Answer 57

By special ependymal cells

Question 58

What does the blood-CSF barrier do?

Answer 58

It limits movement of compounds transferred | It allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ.

Question 59

What do the meninges stabilise?

Answer 59

The position of the brain within the cranial cavity

Question 60

What does cerebrospinal fluid provide?

Answer 60

Protection against sudden jolts and shocks

Question 61

What does CSF provide?

Answer 61

Nutrients

Question 62

What does CSF remove?

Answer 62

Wastes

Question 63

What does the blood-brain barrier and blood- CSF barrier isolate?

Answer 63

The brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function

Question 64

Name the six major regions of the brain.

Answer 64

The six major regions of the brain are cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum.

Question 65

What regions make up the brain stem?

Answer 65

The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Question 66

From superficial to deep, name the layers that make up the cranial meninges.

Answer 66

The layers of the cranial meninges are the outer dura mater, the middle arachnoid mater, and the inner pia mater.

Question 67

Many water-soluble molecules that are abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Why?

Answer 67

Many water-soluble molecules are rare or absent in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of the brain because the blood–brain barrier regulates the movement of such molecules from the blood to the ECF of the brain.