Connective tissues + joints

Question 1

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 1

Bind and support other tissues; protect and insulate organs; transport nutrients

Question 2

What are connective tissues comprised of?

Answer 2

Cells amid a matrix

Question 3

What are -blasts?

Answer 3

Immature cells, typically secrete matrix

Question 4

What are -cytes?

Answer 4

Mature cells, typically maintain matrix

Question 5

What is the matrix comprised of?

Answer 5

Protein fibres amid ground substance

Question 6

What are the two types of protein fibre and their properties?

Answer 6

Elastin and collagen. Elastin is thin and flexible, whilst collagen is thick and strong

Question 7

What are proteoglycans?

Answer 7

A polypeptide chain with polysaccharide side chains

Question 8

What is the ground substance?

Answer 8

Can be fluid/gel/solid, is amorphous. Supports and binds cells together, as well as providing a medium for exchange

Question 9

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 9

Hyaline, fibrocartilaginous, elastic

Question 10

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 10

Covers articulate surface to reduce friction and absorb shock

Question 11

What is the composition of hyaline?

Answer 11

Chondrocytes, with a resilient gel ground substance and fine collagen

Question 12

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Answer 12

Forms discs and rings between joints to resist pressure

Question 13

What is the composition of fibrocartilage?

Answer 13

Chondrocytes, with bundles of thick collagen

Question 14

Name an example of elastic cartilage.

Answer 14

Cartilage of ear

Question 15

What is dense regular connective tissue?

Answer 15

Provide strong attachment between structures, e.g ligaments and tendons

Question 16

What is the composition of dense regular tissue?

Answer 16

Fibroblasts, with collagen in parallel bundles and few elastin, providing great tensile strength

Question 17

What is dense irregular tissue?

Answer 17

Provides strength in multiple directions, e.g. joint capsules and deep fascia

Question 18

What is the composition of dense irregular tissue?

Answer 18

Fibroblasts, with randomly arranged collagen and few elastin

Question 19

Name an example of elastic connective tissue

Answer 19

Tissue of lungs

Question 20

What are the three categories of joints?

Answer 20

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 21

What are the features of a fibrous joint?

Answer 21

Very strong, with high stability and low mobility, and no joint cavity

Question 22

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

Answer 22

The sutures of the skull

Question 23

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 23

Primary (synchondrosis), and secondary (symphysis)

Question 24

What are the features of synchondrosis?

Answer 24

Only hyaline, immobile, with no joint cavity

Question 25

What is the main function of primary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 25

Are points from which joints grow

Question 26

What is an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 26

The joint between the 1st rib and sternum

Question 27

What are the features of symphysis?

Answer 27

Both hyaline and cartilage, immobile, with no joint cavity (though small amount of movement is allowed), and no direct articulations between bones

Question 28

Where are secondary cartilaginous joints found?

Answer 28

Only along the mid-line of the body

Question 29

What is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 29

The pubic symphysis

Question 30

What is the composition of a synovial joint?

Answer 30

Hyaline, surrounded by synovial fluid, surrounded by synovial membrane, surrounded by joint capsule

Question 31

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

Answer 31

Lubricates and reduces friction

Question 32

What is the purpose of the synovial membrane?

Answer 32

Holds and secretes fluid

Question 33

What are the different types of synovial joint? (6)

Answer 33

Hinge, saddle, ball and socket, plane, pivot, ellipsoid

Question 34

What movements do hinge joints allow?

Answer 34

Flexion and extension

Question 35

What are the features of hinge joints?

Answer 35

Convex articular surface which fits into concave surface on adjacent bone, with ligament on medial and lateral sides

Question 36

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Answer 36

Elbow, knee

Question 37

What movements do plane joints allow?

Answer 37

Rotation

Question 38

What are the features of a plane joint?

Answer 38

Flat or slightly curved surfaces

Question 39

What is an example of a plane joint?

Answer 39

Zygapophyseal joints

Question 40

What movements do pivot joints allow?

Answer 40

Rotation

Question 41

What are the features of a pivot joint?

Answer 41

Rounded bony process inserted into a ring of bone and ligament

Question 42

What is an example of a pivot joint?

Answer 42

Superior radioulna joint

Question 43

What movements do ellipsoid joints allow?

Answer 43

Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction

Question 44

What are the features of ellipsoid joints?

Answer 44

Convex oval on one bone inserts into concave oval in opposing bone

Question 45

What is an example of an ellipsoid joint?

Answer 45

Wrist

Question 46

What movements do saddle joints allow?

Answer 46

Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction. Can passively move in transverse plane

Question 47

What are the features of saddle joints?

Answer 47

First articular surface convex in one direction, concave in other. Second surface is complementary

Question 48

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Answer 48

Thumb

Question 49

What movements do ball and socket joints allow?

Answer 49

All

Question 50

What is another word for ball and socket?

Answer 50

Enthrosis

Question 51

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

Answer 51

Hip and shoulder